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我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源結構以(yi)燃煤火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)為主，今后(hou)相當(dang)一段時(shi)間(jian)內還很難改變。正是(shi)因為燃煤機(ji)組(zu)的重要性，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)的上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)政策一直以(yi)燃煤機(ji)組(zu)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)政策為主，歷(li)經還本付息電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、經營期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，現為標(biao)(biao)桿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)政策時(shi)期。國(guo)(guo)家能源局(ju)2019年全國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業統計數據顯示：全國(guo)(guo)6000千瓦及以(yi)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)(biao)準煤耗(hao)307克。

數據來源：中電聯

一度電里還有70%來自火電

截止2019年(nian)底，火電(dian)裝機占(zhan)到全(quan)國總(zong)裝機的(de)59%，發電(dian)量占(zhan)到全(quan)國總(zong)發電(dian)量的(de)68%。

2019年，廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)、江蘇、山東(dong)(dong)省用電量(liang)位(wei)居(ju)前三，山東(dong)(dong)、內蒙古(gu)、江蘇發電量(liang)位(wei)居(ju)前三；廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)、浙江、江蘇區(qu)外(wai)受電量(liang)位(wei)居(ju)前三，北京(jing)、上(shang)海、重慶區(qu)外(wai)受電占用電量(liang)的比(bi)重位(wei)居(ju)前三。

表：2019年各(ge)省電力的生產、消費量(liang)（單位：億kWh）數據來(lai)源：國家統(tong)計局

幾種典型發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)的電(dian)價及成本(ben)，燃煤發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)、水電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)、風電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)、光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)和核電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)。

燃煤發電機組

我國電(dian)源結(jie)構以(yi)燃煤(mei)火電(dian)機(ji)組為(wei)主，今后(hou)相當一(yi)段(duan)時間內還很難改變。正是因為(wei)燃煤(mei)機(ji)組的重(zhong)要性，我國發電(dian)機(ji)組的上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)一(yi)直(zhi)以(yi)燃煤(mei)機(ji)組上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)為(wei)主，歷(li)經(jing)還本付(fu)息電(dian)價(jia)、經(jing)營期電(dian)價(jia)，現為(wei)標桿電(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)時期。

2019年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)26日(ri)，國務院常務會議決定完善燃煤(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)形成機(ji)制，從明年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)1日(ri)1日(ri)起，取消煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯(lian)動機(ji)制，將現(xian)行標桿上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制，改為“基(ji)準(zhun)價(jia)+上下浮動”的市場化機(ji)制。基(ji)準(zhun)價(jia)按(an)各(ge)地(di)現(xian)行燃煤(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)標桿上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)確(que)(que)定，浮動范圍(wei)為上浮不超過(guo)10%、下浮原則(ze)上不超過(guo)15%，具體發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業、售電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司(si)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶等通過(guo)協商或競價(jia)確(que)(que)定，但明年(nian)(nian)暫不上浮，特別(bie)要確(que)(que)保一(yi)般工商業平均電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)只降(jiang)不升。2018年(nian)(nian)燃煤(mei)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組分省脫硫標桿上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)如圖(tu)。

數據來源：公開資料

影響燃煤火電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)上網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的因(yin)(yin)素主要有煤價(jia)、工(gong)程造價(jia)、年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)利(li)用小(xiao)時數、機組(zu)(zu)固定成(cheng)本(ben)、長期貸款利(li)率、折舊率等(deng)。其中：影響標(biao)桿上網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平(ping)的三(san)個主要因(yin)(yin)素，依次(ci)是煤價(jia)、工(gong)程造價(jia)、年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)利(li)用小(xiao)時。不同時期、不同機組(zu)(zu)，燃料成(cheng)本(ben)占發電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)50%-70%。

水力發電機組

水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力發電是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能利用(yong)的(de)(de)一種重要方式。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力發電通常要修筑擋水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壩，用(yong)以(yi)集(ji)中(zhong)河段的(de)(de)落差，并形成(cheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)可以(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)流量、攔蓄(xu)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。按(an)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)劃分，即按(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)一次(ci)蓄(xu)泄循環的(de)(de)時(shi)間來分，包括(kuo)無調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)、日(ri)(ri)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)、周(zhou)(zhou)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)、年(nian)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)和多(duo)年(nian)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)等(deng)。無調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)沒有調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容，按(an)天(tian)然流量供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)；日(ri)(ri)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，是將水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)一日(ri)(ri)內(nei)的(de)(de)均(jun)勻來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，按(an)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)部門的(de)(de)需水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)程進行(xing)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)中(zhong)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位在一晝夜內(nei)完成(cheng)一個循環；周(zhou)(zhou)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，利用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)將周(zhou)(zhou)內(nei)假日(ri)(ri)的(de)(de)多(duo)余(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量蓄(xu)存起來，在其他(ta)工作日(ri)(ri)用(yong)，周(zhou)(zhou)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)一般也同時(shi)進行(xing)日(ri)(ri)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)；年(nian)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，對年(nian)內(nei)豐、枯季(ji)的(de)(de)徑流進行(xing)重新分配的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)（季(ji)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)性變化）；多(duo)年(nian)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)容很(hen)大(da)，豐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)年(nian)份(fen)蓄(xu)存的(de)(de)多(duo)余(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量，用(yong)以(yi)補充枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)年(nian)份(fen)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量不足。

據2005年全國水力資源(yuan)復查結果，我(wo)國大陸(lu)水力資源(yuan)理(li)論蘊(yun)藏量在1萬千瓦(wa)及(ji)以上的河流3886條，經濟可開發(fa)裝機容量40180萬千瓦(wa)。

我國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政策呈多樣化(hua)格局(ju)，分(fen)為按經營(ying)期上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、標(biao)桿(gan)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)和根(gen)據受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)市場平均上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)倒推定價(jia)(jia)等(deng)。2014年(nian)1月(yue)11日(ri)，《國家發(fa)(fa)(fa)展改革(ge)委關于完善水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)形成(cheng)機制的(de)通(tong)知》（發(fa)(fa)(fa)改價(jia)(jia)格〔2014〕61號）：對2014年(nian)2月(yue)1日(ri)以后(hou)新投產(chan)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站中(zhong)跨區跨省域(yu)交易價(jia)(jia)格由(you)供(gong)需(xu)雙(shuang)方協商確(que)定；省內上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)實(shi)行(xing)標(biao)桿(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)制度，并(bing)根(gen)據水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，可實(shi)行(xing)豐枯(ku)分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)或者分(fen)類(lei)標(biao)桿(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)；鼓勵通(tong)過(guo)競爭方式確(que)定水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格；逐步(bu)統(tong)一(yi)流域(yu)梯級水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站是(shi)一(yi)種特(te)殊的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低谷時(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)剩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力將水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)從下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫抽到上(shang)(shang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫儲存起(qi)來，然后(hou)在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰時(shi)將水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)放出(chu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)使水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流到下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫。抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站是(shi)解決(jue)系(xi)統(tong)調峰、低谷之間供(gong)需(xu)矛(mao)盾、保證新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展而建(jian)設的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，還能(neng)(neng)擔負系(xi)統(tong)的(de)調頻(pin)、調相和事故(gu)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)輔助服(fu)務功能(neng)(neng)。一(yi)般認為，抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站“4度換(huan)3度”，抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)消(xiao)耗4度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)只能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)出(chu)3度，可以認為轉換(huan)效率75%。基于此，抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)有(you)根(gen)本區別，主要有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網統(tong)一(yi)經營(ying)、單一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、兩(liang)部制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、租賃(lin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。

2014年7月31日(ri)，《國家發展改革委關于完善抽(chou)水蓄能電(dian)站價(jia)(jia)格形成(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)制(zhi)有關問題的通知》（發改價(jia)(jia)格〔2014〕1763號），進一步(bu)完善抽(chou)水蓄能電(dian)站價(jia)(jia)格形成(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)制(zhi)。電(dian)力市場形成(cheng)(cheng)前，抽(chou)水蓄能電(dian)站實行兩部制(zhi)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)。電(dian)價(jia)(jia)按照合(he)理成(cheng)(cheng)本加準許收益的原則核定。

兩部制電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)中，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)主要(yao)體現(xian)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能電(dian)站提供備用、調頻(pin)、調相和黑啟(qi)動等輔助服務價(jia)(jia)(jia)值，按照彌(mi)補(bu)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能電(dian)站固(gu)定成本及準許收益(yi)的(de)原則核(he)定。逐(zhu)步(bu)對新(xin)投產抽(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能電(dian)站實行(xing)標桿(gan)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)；電(dian)量(liang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)主要(yao)體現(xian)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能電(dian)站通過(guo)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)發電(dian)量(liang)實現(xian)的(de)調峰(feng)填谷效益(yi)。主要(yao)彌(mi)補(bu)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能電(dian)站抽(chou)(chou)(chou)發電(dian)損耗(hao)等變(bian)動成本。電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)水(shui)平按當地燃煤機(ji)組標桿(gan)上網(wang)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)（含脫硫、脫硝(xiao)、除(chu)塵等環保電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)）執(zhi)行(xing)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業向抽水(shui)蓄(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站提供的抽水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)按燃煤機組標(biao)桿(gan)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的75%執行(xing)。抽水(shui)蓄(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)和抽發損(sun)耗納入當(dang)地省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網（或區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網）運行(xing)費(fei)用統一(yi)核(he)算，并作為銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)調整(zheng)因素統籌(chou)考慮。

為推動(dong)抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站電(dian)價(jia)市(shi)(shi)場化，在(zai)具備條件的地(di)區，鼓(gu)勵采(cai)用招標、市(shi)(shi)場競價(jia)等方(fang)式確定抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站項(xiang)目業主、電(dian)量、容量電(dian)價(jia)、抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)價(jia)和上網電(dian)價(jia)。當前，正值電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場形成的過渡期，抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站未納(na)入輸配電(dian)定價(jia)成本，電(dian)網企業承擔抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站費用已(yi)力不(bu)從心，抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站電(dian)價(jia)市(shi)(shi)場化是一個還(huan)需深(shen)入研究的課題。

風力發電機組

風電(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)歷經初期參照燃(ran)煤電(dian)(dian)廠定價(jia)、審(shen)批(pi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)、招(zhao)標(biao)和審(shen)批(pi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)并存、招(zhao)標(biao)加核準方式(shi)、標(biao)桿電(dian)(dian)價(jia)。當(dang)前，正處于(yu)標(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)向平價(jia)、低(di)價(jia)上(shang)網(wang)過渡。平價(jia)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)是指與燃(ran)煤機(ji)組標(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)平價(jia)，不需要(yao)國家補(bu)貼。低(di)價(jia)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)是指低(di)于(yu)燃(ran)煤機(ji)組標(biao)桿上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)。

2019年5月(yue)21日(ri)，《國家(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)改革(ge)委關(guan)于完善風(feng)電(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)策的(de)通知》（發(fa)改價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格〔2019〕882號），將(jiang)陸上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)、近海(hai)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)標桿上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)改為指導價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，新核準的(de)集中式(shi)陸上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)、近海(hai)海(hai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)全部通過競爭方式(shi)確定，不得高于項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)所在(zai)(zai)資源區(qu)指導價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)；潮間帶海(hai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)通過競爭方式(shi)確定的(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，不得高于項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)所在(zai)(zai)資源區(qu)陸上(shang)(shang)(shang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)指導價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。2021年開始(shi)，風(feng)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)將(jiang)全面(mian)去補貼，進入平價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)時代。

從全生命周(zhou)期看，風電的成本(ben)(ben)主要可以分為機組成本(ben)(ben)、建設成本(ben)(ben)、運維(wei)成本(ben)(ben)、人員(yuan)成本(ben)(ben)與(yu)材料費(fei)等。

太陽能發電機組

太陽能發(fa)電(dian)分為光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)（PV)和光(guang)熱發(fa)電(dian)（CSP)。光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)有集中式(shi)的地面(mian)電(dian)站，也有與建筑物(wu)相結合(he)的分布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目。

2019年4月28日，《國家發展(zhan)改(gai)(gai)革委關于(yu)完善光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機制有關問(wen)題的(de)通(tong)知》（發改(gai)(gai)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)〔2019〕761號），將(jiang)(jiang)集中式光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站標桿上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)改(gai)(gai)為(wei)指導價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，新增(zeng)集中式光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)原則上(shang)通(tong)過市場競爭(zheng)方(fang)式確定，不得超過所在資(zi)源區指導價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。2021年開始，除(chu)戶用光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)以(yi)外，光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)項目將(jiang)(jiang)全面去補貼，進入(ru)平價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)時(shi)代(dai)。

表：2020年光伏項(xiang)目指導電價（單位：元/kWh）

國家發展改革委核定全國統一的太陽能熱發電（含4小時以上儲熱功能）標桿上網電價為每千瓦時1.15元（含稅），2018年12月31日以前全部投運的太陽能熱發電項目執行上述標桿上網電價。太陽能熱發電上網電價退坡機制尚未確定，考慮太陽能熱發電產業現狀，退坡幅度可能不會太大。

核電機組

我國核電裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)比例相對較小。與一般火電機(ji)組(zu)一樣，核電成(cheng)本(ben)主要由建設成(cheng)本(ben)、運維成(cheng)本(ben)、燃(ran)料成(cheng)本(ben)組(zu)成(cheng)。核電成(cheng)本(ben)還有長期成(cheng)本(ben)有較大下降空(kong)間(jian)、地(di)域差異不(bu)明(ming)顯等(deng)特點。

由于(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)上(shang)不適宜參與市場競爭，2013年(nian)(nian)以前，我國對(dui)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)基本實行一廠一價(jia)(jia)(jia)。2013年(nian)(nian)6月15日(ri)，國家發展(zhan)改(gai)革委印(yin)發《關于(yu)完善核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制有關問題的(de)通知》（發改(gai)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格〔2013〕1130號(hao)），對(dui)2013年(nian)(nian)1月1日(ri)以后(hou)新建(jian)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)實行標桿(gan)(gan)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)政策（根據目前核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)社會平均成本與電(dian)(dian)力市場供需狀(zhuang)況，核(he)(he)(he)(he)定全國核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)標桿(gan)(gan)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)每千瓦時0.43元）；全國核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)標桿(gan)(gan)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)高于(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)所在地燃煤機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)標桿(gan)(gan)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)（含(han)脫(tuo)硫、脫(tuo)硝加價(jia)(jia)(jia)，下同）的(de)地區(qu)，新建(jian)核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)投產(chan)(chan)后(hou)執(zhi)行當(dang)(dang)地燃煤機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)標桿(gan)(gan)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)；對(dui)承擔核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)引進、自主(zhu)創新、重大專項(xiang)設備國產(chan)(chan)化任務的(de)首臺或首批核(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)或示范(fan)工程(cheng)，其上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)可適當(dang)(dang)提高。

2020年，各種類型發電項(xiang)目的電價如上圖(tu)所(suo)示。