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電力行業碳中和的實施方式和障礙
發布者:admin | 來源:中國電力企業管理 | 0評論 | 4980查看 | 2021-02-08 13:30:10    

高比例風光發電接入系統影響轉動慣量的問題及解決方案電網的安全穩定運行需要足夠的轉動慣量。實現碳中和的高比例風光發電需要火電機組提供必須的旋轉慣量和備用支撐。利用電力系統內部可調節性機組的調節能力(虛擬儲能)實現風光發電消納。


自2020年(nian)9月以(yi)來,碳(tan)達(da)峰(feng)、碳(tan)中和(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)圈(quan)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱門(men)話(hua)題,風(feng)光(guang)等(deng)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)被(bei)寄(ji)予厚望。在(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)規劃中,風(feng)光(guang)等(deng)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)得到大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)支(zhi)持和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan),要(yao)在(zai)(zai)30·60目標(biao)中承擔主(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong);而煤炭(tan)生(sheng)(sheng)產要(yao)受(shou)到限制,燃煤機(ji)(ji)組(zu)裝機(ji)(ji)規模甚(shen)至(zhi)要(yao)裁剪。近期寒(han)潮之(zhi)下(xia),湖南、江西等(deng)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“拉(la)閘限電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”又(you)讓業內外感到困惑(huo):風(feng)光(guang)等(deng)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)在(zai)(zai)冰凍(dong)覆雪(xue)中無法(fa)出(chu)力(li)(li)(li)、省間輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)道難(nan)當大(da)(da)任,各級(ji)政府被(bei)迫首選協(xie)調各種資源(yuan)促進煤炭(tan)生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)輸,保(bao)證煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)滿(man)負荷(he)運(yun)行,配合有(you)序用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方案,才能(neng)(neng)(neng)確保(bao)民生(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)受(shou)影響。暫時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困難(nan),并不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)阻礙碳(tan)達(da)峰(feng)、碳(tan)中和(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)中國人對(dui)美好生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)向(xiang)往,更(geng)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)動搖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行業走(zou)向(xiang)“脫碳(tan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)心。在(zai)(zai)30·60目標(biao)下(xia),高比例風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式將(jiang)(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)必然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)選擇(ze),在(zai)(zai)可預(yu)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間內,“風(feng)光(guang)+大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”也(ye)將(jiang)(jiang)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行業實現碳(tan)中和(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必然技術方案。但我們還是要(yao)清醒地認識到,風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)比例發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)將(jiang)(jiang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)必須的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉動慣(guan)量和(he)(he)(he)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)產生(sheng)(sheng)致命影響,嚴重威(wei)脅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)穩運(yun)行,大(da)(da)量調節(jie)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)損失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)和(he)(he)(he)沉(chen)沒成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行費用(yong)(yong)上升。在(zai)(zai)2019年(nian)倫敦大(da)(da)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)警示之(zhi)下(xia),我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行業如何(he)健康穩定(ding)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan),謀求“安全、經濟、環(huan)保(bao)”能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)不(bu)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)三角的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最優(you)妥協(xie)點,需要(yao)廣大(da)(da)專業人士認真思考和(he)(he)(he)討論。


電力行業注定是碳中和的重點行業


首先,電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)是最大的(de)碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)。2019年(nian)全(quan)社會(hui)發電(dian)量73253億(yi)千瓦時,其中火電(dian)發電(dian)量為50450億(yi)千瓦時,折合二氧(yang)化碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)大約50億(yi)噸,占全(quan)國碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)總量的(de)51%。電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)不僅是能源供給大戶(hu),同時還是能源消(xiao)耗大戶(hu)。電(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)網(wang)損和(he)發電(dian)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)廠(chang)用電(dian)合計占到(dao)全(quan)社會(hui)用電(dian)量百分之(zhi)十以(yi)上(shang),電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)不但(dan)在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)中產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang),自身電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消(xiao)耗也引(yin)發了(le)相當一(yi)部分碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)。因(yin)(yin)此,如何實(shi)現電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)碳(tan)減排(pai)將是實(shi)現碳(tan)中和(he)的(de)關鍵因(yin)(yin)素(su)之(zhi)一(yi)。


其(qi)次,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)資產(chan)較為集(ji)中(zhong),易于(yu)整(zheng)體考慮政(zheng)策。2020年全國火電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)裝機11億(yi)千瓦,90%以上的火電(dian)(dian)(dian)資產(chan)屬(shu)于(yu)國有(you)資產(chan),其(qi)中(zhong)五大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)團(華能(neng)、大(da)(da)唐、華電(dian)(dian)(dian)、國電(dian)(dian)(dian)投和(he)國家能(neng)源)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)裝機達5.6億(yi)千瓦,占比51%。國有(you)企(qi)業有(you)高度的社會責任(ren)感,落(luo)實國家政(zheng)策和(he)要求從(cong)不打折扣。全國輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)資產(chan)集(ji)中(zhong)在國網(wang)(wang)、南網(wang)(wang)、內蒙古電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)三個電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司(si),輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)長(chang)期保持統一運行(xing)、統一調度,優化網(wang)(wang)絡運行(xing)的空間較大(da)(da)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業資產(chan)集(ji)中(zhong)的特點,容易實現政(zheng)策上、技術(shu)上的集(ji)中(zhong)處(chu)理(li),相較其(qi)他行(xing)業有(you)著(zhu)天然的優勢。


第三,電(dian)力行(xing)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)(he)資金條件較好(hao)(hao)。實現(xian)碳達峰需(xu)要新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)投入和(he)(he)(he)大量資金支持。國有電(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)的(de)研究(jiu)機(ji)構(gou)長期關注能源轉型(xing),很(hen)好(hao)(hao)地把握了(le)新的(de)發(fa)電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)成果和(he)(he)(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)展方向,儲(chu)備了(le)大量用于能源轉型(xing)的(de)各類技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu),擁有碳中和(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)關技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)化研究(jiu)隊伍,相(xiang)對于行(xing)業(ye)(ye)外的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)專(zhuan)家,實操能力更強,對轉型(xing)的(de)痛點(dian)和(he)(he)(he)各種設想的(de)可行(xing)性認識更為深刻(ke)。電(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)有著雄(xiong)厚的(de)資金積累和(he)(he)(he)支持,這些都為碳中和(he)(he)(he)的(de)實現(xian)提供了(le)堅強的(de)物(wu)質基礎。


此(ci)(ci)外,電力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業屬于社會基礎行(xing)業,事關千家萬戶。目前電力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業開始轉型(xing),逐步建設電力(li)(li)(li)現(xian)貨市場,由市場決定(ding)的電力(li)(li)(li)價格可以(yi)(yi)實現(xian)用(yong)戶側(ce)(ce)引導(dao),促(cu)進節能技術的投入使用(yong)。由此(ci)(ci)可以(yi)(yi)看(kan)出,電力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業將(jiang)首(shou)先開始碳(tan)中和工作,實現(xian)用(yong)戶側(ce)(ce)引導(dao),可實現(xian)社會生產和人民生活(huo)習慣的改變,逐漸帶動其他(ta)行(xing)業形成合(he)力(li)(li)(li),實現(xian)全社會在(zai)碳(tan)中和方面的和諧共振。


電力行業碳中和的實施方式


高比例風光新能源(yuan)是現階段電力生(sheng)產側實(shi)現碳中和的必然選擇


目前全社會(hui)用電量需求還在(zai)逐(zhu)年(nian)上升,而在(zai)碳捕獲與(yu)封存(cun)(Carbon Capture and Storage,簡(jian)稱CCS)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)尚(shang)不成熟的條件(jian)下,電力行(xing)業需要大(da)力發(fa)(fa)(fa)展零(ling)碳發(fa)(fa)(fa)電技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)。目前成規模的零(ling)碳發(fa)(fa)(fa)電技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)一般(ban)是核電、水(shui)電、生物質和風光等(deng)非(fei)化石燃料發(fa)(fa)(fa)電技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)。


水(shui)(shui)電(dian)大(da)規模(mo)增長空間有限。水(shui)(shui)電(dian)目前(qian)已成為我國第二大(da)主力裝機電(dian)源,裝機達3.6億千瓦,占總(zong)裝機17.7%,成為世界第一水(shui)(shui)電(dian)裝機大(da)國。而水(shui)(shui)電(dian)發展由于資源受限、廠址(zhi)選擇受限、移(yi)民安(an)置(zhi)困難、季節性豐枯期發電(dian)不(bu)均、生(sheng)態保(bao)護影(ying)響大(da)等原因,就目前(qian)的(de)技術水(shui)(shui)平,水(shui)(shui)電(dian)在未來全社會(hui)用電(dian)量中的(de)占比總(zong)體(ti)可(ke)能成下降趨勢(shi)。


核(he)(he)(he)電(dian)大(da)(da)規模增(zeng)長的(de)條件尚不具備(bei)。國內(nei)核(he)(he)(he)電(dian)技術(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)較快,已(yi)發(fa)展(zhan)至第四代核(he)(he)(he)電(dian)技術(shu),核(he)(he)(he)電(dian)裝機(ji)達(da)4874萬千瓦,占總裝機(ji)2.4%,成(cheng)為世界(jie)第三核(he)(he)(he)電(dian)裝機(ji)大(da)(da)國。然(ran)而(er),核(he)(he)(he)電(dian)受(shou)制于安全(quan)約束(shu)、技術(shu)難度(du)伴隨固(gu)定(ding)投資增(zeng)加(jia)、廠址選擇受(shou)限和核(he)(he)(he)廢料處理困難等問題,就目前技術(shu)水(shui)平來看,核(he)(he)(he)電(dian)尚不具備(bei)大(da)(da)規模增(zeng)長的(de)條件。


生(sheng)物(wu)質發展難占“C位”。生(sheng)物(wu)質發電(dian)(dian)是(shi)眾多(duo)發電(dian)(dian)類型中的一個小(xiao)眾發電(dian)(dian)模式,但是(shi)由(you)于(yu)其發電(dian)(dian)可控,二(er)氧化碳排放為零,引(yin)起了行(xing)業(ye)內部重視(shi)。目前(qian)生(sheng)物(wu)質發電(dian)(dian)主(zhu)要有氣化發電(dian)(dian)和直(zhi)接燃燒發電(dian)(dian)兩(liang)種形式,以直(zhi)接燃燒發電(dian)(dian)較(jiao)(jiao)為普(pu)遍。而生(sheng)物(wu)質發電(dian)(dian)由(you)于(yu)燃料(liao)運(yun)輸半(ban)徑受限,單機(ji)容量普(pu)遍較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao),造(zao)成(cheng)投資成(cheng)本和運(yun)行(xing)成(cheng)本較(jiao)(jiao)大,電(dian)(dian)量占比上(shang)升空間有限。


相對于(yu)(yu)其(qi)他(ta)電源(yuan)種類(lei),風(feng)光新能(neng)源(yuan)發電雖然存在(zai)季節性能(neng)源(yuan)分布不均(jun),天氣(qi)影(ying)響較(jiao)大,發電出力波動性、隨機性較(jiao)大等問(wen)題(ti),但(dan)是由于(yu)(yu)風(feng)光等新能(neng)源(yuan)資源(yuan)豐富、地域分布廣、廠址選(xuan)擇受限(xian)較(jiao)小、運行成本小、固定(ding)投資成本相比(bi)(bi)水(shui)電、核電較(jiao)低(di)等優勢,高(gao)風(feng)光電量占比(bi)(bi)的系統(tong)在(zai)國(guo)際上有(you)一定(ding)的運行經(jing)驗,是現階段技(ji)術經(jing)濟(ji)條件下,實現碳中和(he)必然選(xuan)擇的電源(yuan)。因此(ci),國(guo)家也在(zai)電力規劃中重點發展風(feng)光發電,到(dao)2030年,風(feng)電、太陽能(neng)發電總(zong)裝機容量將達到(dao)12億千(qian)瓦以上(較(jiao)2019年增長近8億千(qian)瓦)。


大電網為主消納是現階段高比例風光消納的唯一選擇


2020年(nian)中國(guo)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)(yang)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量4.4億千瓦,裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量占(zhan)比達20%。根據規劃,到(dao)2030年(nian)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)(yang)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量占(zhan)比將達40%以上,而到(dao)2060年(nian)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)(yang)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量占(zhan)比將接近70%。風(feng)光發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)(li)不可(ke)控的(de)波動性和隨機性,造成風(feng)光發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)(li)曲(qu)線與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統負(fu)荷曲(qu)線不符甚至是(shi)相反。為了(le)有效解決風(feng)光新(xin)能源的(de)波動影響用(yong)戶(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)使用(yong)平(ping)穩的(de)問題,目前解決平(ping)衡消納的(de)手段主(zhu)要(yao)有大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和儲能兩種(zhong)。


儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)消納(na)風(feng)(feng)光發(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)優(you)劣(lie):儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)可以(yi)很好地(di)起到移(yi)峰填谷作用,有效(xiao)(xiao)消除(chu)風(feng)(feng)光新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)波動性(xing)。目(mu)(mu)前實(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)主要(yao)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)理機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)化(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和氫(qing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。物(wu)理機械儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、壓(ya)縮空氣儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和飛輪儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代表。物(wu)理儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)(shi)就是(shi)安全(quan)(quan)系數(shu)較高、儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容量(liang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)、技(ji)術(shu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)、壽命(ming)長,而劣(lie)勢(shi)(shi)則(ze)是(shi)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本大(da)(da)(da)(da)、選(xuan)址困難、效(xiao)(xiao)率低(di)。電(dian)化(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)鋰電(dian)池(chi)、鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池(chi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代表,優(you)勢(shi)(shi)是(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)率高、充(chong)放電(dian)速度(du)快、選(xuan)址容易,劣(lie)勢(shi)(shi)是(shi)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本大(da)(da)(da)(da)、安全(quan)(quan)系數(shu)低(di)、環境溫度(du)影響大(da)(da)(da)(da)。氫(qing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)電(dian)解(jie)氫(qing)+氫(qing)燃料電(dian)池(chi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代表,優(you)勢(shi)(shi)就是(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)密度(du)大(da)(da)(da)(da),劣(lie)勢(shi)(shi)是(shi)技(ji)術(shu)尚(shang)不(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu),安全(quan)(quan)問題沒有徹(che)底(di)解(jie)決(jue)。總之,目(mu)(mu)前除(chu)了(le)尚(shang)不(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu),較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和化(hua)學電(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)之外,其(qi)他儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)都存(cun)在(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本過大(da)(da)(da)(da)和運行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本高的(de)(de)(de)缺陷,抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)綜合效(xiao)(xiao)率一般為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.65~0.75,而化(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)目(mu)(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)度(du)電(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本大(da)(da)(da)(da)致在(zai)(zai)0.6~0.9元千(qian)瓦時。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)網(wang)托底(di)的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia),京津唐地(di)區大(da)(da)(da)(da)負荷期間如需使用高比例風(feng)(feng)光電(dian)源,則(ze)需要(yao)具(ju)備(bei)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)50億(yi)千(qian)瓦時的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力,按目(mu)(mu)前最經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)方(fang)式也(ye)需要(yao)5萬億(yi)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi),類(lei)推全(quan)(quan)國則(ze)需要(yao)100萬億(yi)以(yi)上投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi),是(shi)目(mu)(mu)前全(quan)(quan)國電(dian)網(wang)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)20倍(bei)以(yi)上。如不(bu)用電(dian)網(wang)托底(di),完全(quan)(quan)依靠配套儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式,投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)還(huan)要(yao)有數(shu)十倍(bei)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加。因(yin)此,在(zai)(zai)可預見的(de)(de)(de)時間內或者(zhe)至(zhi)少近(jin)期,在(zai)(zai)經濟(ji)性(xing)上尚(shang)無一種儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)可以(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)風(feng)(feng)光發(fa)(fa)電(dian)消納(na)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)手段,就是(shi)說傳統的(de)(de)(de)“電(dian)力不(bu)具(ju)備(bei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)規模經濟(ji)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)條件(jian)”的(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)仍然發(fa)(fa)揮作用。


大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)消納(na)(na)風(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)優劣(lie):大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)消納(na)(na)風(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)是(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能輸(shu)送(song)能力,將風(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)出的(de)(de)具有波動性(xing)、隨(sui)機(ji)性(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能及時(shi)輸(shu)送(song)到電(dian)(dian)力需求側,利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)力系統內部(bu)可調節性(xing)機(ji)組的(de)(de)調節能力(虛擬儲能)實現風(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)消納(na)(na)。大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)消納(na)(na)風(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)相對于儲能技術的(de)(de)優勢(shi)就(jiu)是(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)明(ming)顯,而(er)存在的(de)(de)劣(lie)勢(shi)就(jiu)是(shi)存在安全事(shi)故聯(lian)鎖(suo)反(fan)應風(feng)(feng)險,而(er)且大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)消納(na)(na)容易出現經(jing)濟(ji)責任難以(yi)劃分的(de)(de)情況。


考慮(lv)到(dao)儲能(neng)技術突破的(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)期通常為20~30年(nian),因此達成(cheng)30·60目標不(bu)能(neng)寄希望于儲能(neng)技術快(kuai)速解決(jue)(jue)其(qi)經(jing)(jing)濟劣勢(shi),實現風光(guang)發電消(xiao)(xiao)納的(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)選(xuan)擇(ze)仍是依靠大電網的(de)(de)(de)電能(neng)調配手段。盡管(guan)大電網消(xiao)(xiao)納是風光(guang)消(xiao)(xiao)納的(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)經(jing)(jing)濟性現實選(xuan)擇(ze),但是要實現未來如此高比例的(de)(de)(de)風光(guang)發電消(xiao)(xiao)納,目前仍有系列障(zhang)礙難(nan)以跨越,需要加大科研力量,以問(wen)題為導(dao)向,尋求(qiu)解決(jue)(jue)這(zhe)些障(zhang)礙的(de)(de)(de)技術經(jing)(jing)濟方案。


大電網消納方式的現實障礙和解決方案


2019年(nian)8月9日(ri),英國倫敦發生(sheng)了(le)2003年(nian)以來(lai)最嚴重的停(ting)電(dian)事故(gu)。雖然導致(zhi)這次事故(gu)的原因(yin)有很多,但其中最重要的原因(yin)是高比例風光(guang)發電(dian)的電(dian)網(wang)轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣量(liang)不(bu)足,異常擾(rao)動(dong)導致(zhi)頻(pin)率異常波(bo)動(dong),風電(dian)機組群(qun)對頻(pin)率波(bo)動(dong)抗干擾(rao)能力(li)不(bu)足而(er)脫網(wang),系統備用不(bu)足造(zao)成的聯鎖反應。此次停(ting)電(dian)事故(gu),給我們(men)敲響了(le)警(jing)鐘,需要我們(men)認真(zhen)思考(kao)電(dian)網(wang)實現(xian)高比例風光(guang)發電(dian)消納的技術和經濟約束,以及(ji)可行的解(jie)決方案。


高比例風光發電接入系統影響轉動慣量的問題及解決方案


電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)穩定運(yun)行需要(yao)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉動(dong)(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)。電(dian)(dian)網(wang)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率是(shi)(shi)(shi)交流電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)參(can)數(shu),需要(yao)保持在(zai)恒(heng)定范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei)。電(dian)(dian)網(wang)轉動(dong)(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)系統內(nei)同步(bu)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉子旋(xuan)轉過程中,根據自身轉速信號(hao)實現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)次調頻(pin)(pin)(pin)功能(neng)(neng)來保持電(dian)(dian)網(wang)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力。目前世界范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei),低轉動(dong)(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)或無轉動(dong)(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行經驗是(shi)(shi)(shi)完全(quan)(quan)沒有的(de)(de)(de)(de),對于(yu)低轉動(dong)(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang),一(yi)旦出現(xian)(xian)短時電(dian)(dian)力不平(ping)衡問題(擾動(dong)(dong)),將(jiang)出現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率大幅波動(dong)(dong),對系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率穩定是(shi)(shi)(shi)極為不利的(de)(de)(de)(de),繼而形(xing)成連鎖事故。所以對交流電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定能(neng)(neng)力而言,系統必須配(pei)置足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉動(dong)(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)。


高比例(li)風光發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)明顯影響系(xi)統(tong)轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)。目前主(zhu)流(liu)的(de)(de)風力發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)是(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)速恒頻機(ji)(ji)組(zu),其基本并網原理(li)是(shi)將異步發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)出頻率(lv)不定的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)整(zheng)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian),再由(you)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網同頻率(lv)的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后與系(xi)統(tong)并列。光伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)由(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)板直接(jie)(jie)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)出直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后,由(you)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網同頻率(lv)的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后與系(xi)統(tong)并列。經過整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)和逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子系(xi)統(tong)轉(zhuan)換(huan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力,缺失了同步發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)大重(zhong)量(liang)轉(zhuan)子維(wei)持系(xi)統(tong)頻率(lv)穩定的(de)(de)能(neng)力。隨著風光發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)入系(xi)統(tong),直接(jie)(jie)造成系(xi)統(tong)轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)下(xia)降(jiang),風光發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)比例(li)越(yue)高,在線(xian)運行(xing)的(de)(de)其他同步機(ji)(ji)組(zu)越(yue)少(shao),轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)下(xia)降(jiang)越(yue)快,嚴重(zhong)威(wei)脅系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)運行(xing)穩定。


高比(bi)例(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)入系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)解(jie)決(jue)(jue)方(fang)案。高比(bi)例(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)會造成(cheng)(cheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)慣量(liang)(liang)下(xia)降(jiang),為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)防范大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)慣量(liang)(liang)下(xia)降(jiang)過(guo)多,威脅系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安全,現(xian)階段高比(bi)例(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)影響系(xi)(xi)統(tong)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)慣量(liang)(liang)問題,可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩(liang)個技術方(fang)案解(jie)決(jue)(jue),但是(shi)經濟代(dai)價(jia)均較為(wei)(wei)高昂。一(yi)是(shi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)足夠(gou)比(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)碳中和(he)目標,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)并不(bu)需要(yao)大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu),但是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)保證(zheng)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)慣量(liang)(liang)足夠(gou),必須(xu)(xu)保證(zheng)足夠(gou)比(bi)例(li)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)在線(xian)。即(ji)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)消(xiao)納(na)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)保障交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)頻率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)能(neng)力,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)中必須(xu)(xu)有一(yi)定(ding)比(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。考慮到水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)季節(jie)(jie)性(xing)和(he)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)調節(jie)(jie)空間不(bu)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題,系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中必須(xu)(xu)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)容量(liang)(liang)合理(li)(li)比(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)和(he)燃氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu),以(yi)保證(zheng)足量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)慣量(liang)(liang)和(he)調節(jie)(jie)能(neng)力,最終(zhong)造成(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)納(na)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)大(da)幅上升。二是(shi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)虛(xu)擬(ni)同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)調節(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“合理(li)(li)棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)提高風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)性(xing),在風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)虛(xu)擬(ni)同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)技術模(mo)擬(ni)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)慣量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)次調節(jie)(jie),可(ke)(ke)減(jian)少對系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡影響,提高系(xi)(xi)統(tong)頻率(lv)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)。虛(xu)擬(ni)同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并網(wang)(wang)逆變(bian)器內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制器中,加(jia)入一(yi)種模(mo)擬(ni)同步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制和(he)外特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制算法,在系(xi)(xi)統(tong)供(gong)應(ying)短缺時增加(jia)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力,系(xi)(xi)統(tong)供(gong)應(ying)過(guo)剩時減(jian)少發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力,以(yi)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制方(fang)式維持平(ping)(ping)衡。虛(xu)擬(ni)同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)會造成(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)響應(ying)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)需要(yao)時自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)“合理(li)(li)棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”,實(shi)(shi)現(xian)自(zi)然資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)調節(jie)(jie)性(xing),增加(jia)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)衡能(neng)力和(he)頻率(lv)穩(wen)定(ding)能(neng)力。但是(shi)虛(xu)擬(ni)同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)技術畢竟不(bu)是(shi)真實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同步(bu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu),能(neng)夠(gou)提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)慣量(liang)(liang)和(he)可(ke)(ke)調節(jie)(jie)范圍(wei)有限。


高比例風光發電接入系統影響備用問題及解決方案


電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)安(an)全穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)運行對備用(yong)的(de)要求。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)全穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)運行,要求系(xi)統(tong)必(bi)須(xu)滿足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)平衡,任意時刻必(bi)須(xu)滿足(zu)三個條(tiao)件:總發電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)必(bi)須(xu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)負(fu)荷(he)且有一定(ding)(ding)冗余,總發電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率必(bi)須(xu)等于(yu)(yu)總負(fu)荷(he)功(gong)率+損耗(hao)功(gong)率,局(ju)部輸送能力(li)必(bi)須(xu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)局(ju)部凈需(xu)求并有一定(ding)(ding)冗余。這(zhe)就要求系(xi)統(tong)內必(bi)須(xu)有足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)備用(yong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)以(yi)應對系(xi)統(tong)內的(de)故(gu)障、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)減(jian)出(chu)力(li)和負(fu)荷(he)波動。按照GB/T38969-2020《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)技術(shu)導則》規定(ding)(ding),系(xi)統(tong)備用(yong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)為最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)負(fu)荷(he)的(de)2%~5%,事(shi)故(gu)備用(yong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)為最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)負(fu)荷(he)的(de)10%,不小于(yu)(yu)系(xi)統(tong)一臺最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)機組或饋入最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)直(zhi)流(liu)的(de)單級容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)。


高比(bi)例(li)風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)對系(xi)統(tong)(tong)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。由(you)于風(feng)光(guang)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)出(chu)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隨(sui)機性、波動性和間歇性,造成(cheng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)內總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)能力(li)不可(ke)控。按照(zhao)GB/T38969-2020《電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)技術導則》規(gui)定,風(feng)電(dian)(dian)、太陽能等新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區,需結合(he)風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)特性和參與平(ping)衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例(li),額外設置一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)。根據30·60目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)算,未(wei)來(lai)風(feng)光(guang)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機規(gui)模要達(da)到40%~70%,如(ru)此(ci)高比(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)接入系(xi)統(tong)(tong),將迫使(shi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)預留(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)增加(jia)(jia)。光(guang)伏(fu)能源(yuan)(yuan)隨(sui)著(zhu)太陽光(guang)照(zhao)強度波動,風(feng)電(dian)(dian)隨(sui)著(zhu)自然來(lai)風(feng)變化,如(ru)果(guo)兩(liang)者(zhe)在同一時期疊加(jia)(jia),會(hui)造成(cheng)風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)大(da)(da)(da)幅波動,甚(shen)至在極端(duan)情況(kuang)下會(hui)造成(cheng)風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)從最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)負(fu)荷突減至零,嚴重威脅系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行安全,使(shi)得系(xi)統(tong)(tong)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)需求大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)增加(jia)(jia)。歐盟28國傳統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)一直保持與最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)負(fu)荷相當(dang),作(zuo)為(wei)其他發(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang),為(wei)了滿足電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全,系(xi)統(tong)(tong)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)增加(jia)(jia)。


高(gao)(gao)(gao)比(bi)例(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接入系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決方案。為了減小(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)出力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不確定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)對大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)容(rong)量(liang)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響,適(shi)應未來“30·60目(mu)標”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)比(bi)例(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)在以(yi)下四個方面加大技(ji)術投入:一(yi)是(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)出力(li)預(yu)(yu)測的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性(xing)(xing)。目(mu)前國內風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)預(yu)(yu)測24小(xiao)時準確率為70%,而美(mei)國風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)預(yu)(yu)測24小(xiao)時準確率已達90%以(yi)上。提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)出力(li)預(yu)(yu)測的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性(xing)(xing)可以(yi)有效(xiao)較少系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對備(bei)用(yong)(yong)負荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。二是(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)安全穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏在發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中大量(liang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)整(zheng)流、逆變器等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備(bei),其對于(yu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)波動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗干擾能(neng)(neng)力(li)較常(chang)規機(ji)組(zu)(zu)嚴重不足,特(te)別(bie)(bie)是(shi)(shi)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)其低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穿越能(neng)(neng)力(li),風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)可以(yi)有效(xiao)減少系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對備(bei)用(yong)(yong)負荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)。三是(shi)(shi)保持(chi)可調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)足夠(gou)容(rong)量(liang)并進行靈活性(xing)(xing)改造(zao)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內部(bu)可調(diao)節性(xing)(xing)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)峰能(neng)(neng)力(li)實現(xian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)消納,需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)加大可調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈活性(xing)(xing)改造(zao),提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)可調(diao)節性(xing)(xing)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂峰壓(ya)谷能(neng)(neng)力(li),特(te)別(bie)(bie)是(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)負荷調(diao)整(zheng)速(su)率,提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)消納風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)有效(xiao)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)負荷,需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)強調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)必須保持(chi)具備(bei)該特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)。四是(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)加快智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。未來智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan),將利(li)用(yong)(yong)通訊網(wang)(wang)絡技(ji)術、傳感和(he)測量(liang)技(ji)術、先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制方法以(yi)及決策支持(chi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)技(ji)術,有效(xiao)預(yu)(yu)測風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)預(yu)(yu)留,確定(ding)(ding)(ding)資源(yuan)(yuan)配置(zhi)最(zui)佳地理范圍,提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設備(bei)利(li)用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率,實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠、安全、經濟、高(gao)(gao)(gao)效(xiao)、環境友好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標。


高比例風光發電接入系統的經濟性障礙


風光(guang)發電(dian)作為環(huan)保的(de)(de)能(neng)源方式(shi)理念已(yi)經深入(ru)人心。隨著風光(guang)發電(dian)的(de)(de)投(tou)資成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)逐漸下降,人們(men)對(dui)風光(guang)發電(dian)的(de)(de)經濟性誤解也在逐漸加深,認為風光(guang)發電(dian)作為邊際成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)為零的(de)(de)能(neng)源,投(tou)入(ru)比(bi)例(li)越高將對(dui)電(dian)網的(de)(de)經濟性越好。然而,在我國(guo)電(dian)力系統安全穩定性的(de)(de)紅線要求前提(ti)下,投(tou)入(ru)高比(bi)例(li)風光(guang)發電(dian)必須(xu)要在線匹(pi)配(pei)足夠的(de)(de)轉動慣量機組和可(ke)調(diao)節能(neng)源機組,這樣就會造成(cheng)風光(guang)發電(dian)的(de)(de)消納成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)大幅上升,并且很可(ke)能(neng)消納成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)上漲絕對(dui)量大于風光(guang)發電(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)下降的(de)(de)絕對(dui)量。


調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)啟(qi)(qi)停(ting)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)。由于風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)出(chu)力(li)的(de)(de)波動性(xing),電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)為(wei)了保證電(dian)(dian)力(li)平衡,必須配備足夠的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)調(diao)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)進(jin)行調(diao)節。在高比例(li)風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中,風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)量疊加,造(zao)(zao)成可(ke)(ke)調(diao)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)調(diao)峰(feng)范圍大(da)(da)大(da)(da)增加,甚至需(xu)要機(ji)(ji)組(zu)啟(qi)(qi)停(ting)以滿足系(xi)統需(xu)要。隨著(zhu)風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)滲透(tou)率逐漸(jian)升(sheng)高,火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)等可(ke)(ke)調(diao)能源利用(yong)(yong)小時(shi)數(shu)逐漸(jian)下降,煤電(dian)(dian)和燃氣機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)啟(qi)(qi)停(ting)次數(shu)卻在大(da)(da)幅升(sheng)高。機(ji)(ji)組(zu)啟(qi)(qi)停(ting)調(diao)峰(feng)作為(wei)重大(da)(da)操作,其啟(qi)(qi)停(ting)成本將(jiang)造(zao)(zao)成電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運行費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)幅增加,最終也將(jiang)在用(yong)(yong)戶側用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)上體(ti)現,使得(de)高比例(li)風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)經濟性(xing)大(da)(da)幅下降。


調頻和(he)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)輔助服(fu)務費(fei)用(yong)。隨(sui)著高(gao)比例(li)風光發(fa)電(dian)投入電(dian)網(wang)(wang),為(wei)了(le)維護(hu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)運行,必(bi)須有足量(liang)的(de)(de)轉動(dong)慣量(liang)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)預留(liu)調峰(feng)容量(liang)和(he)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)容量(liang),維持電(dian)網(wang)(wang)異常情況(kuang)下頻率穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)和(he)電(dian)力平衡。而可調機(ji)組(zu)(zu)預留(liu)調頻容量(liang)和(he)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)容量(liang)產生的(de)(de)機(ji)會成本在電(dian)力系統(tong)中也將(jiang)成為(wei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)運行費(fei)用(yong)。按照電(dian)力系統(tong)“誰受益、誰承擔(dan)”的(de)(de)原(yuan)則,因調頻和(he)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)輔助服(fu)務產生的(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)最終也將(jiang)由用(yong)戶承擔(dan),這(zhe)筆費(fei)用(yong)也將(jiang)使得高(gao)比例(li)風光發(fa)電(dian)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)經濟性(xing)大幅下降。


穩定(ding)電源(yuan)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)補(bu)償費用(yong)(yong)。高比例風(feng)光(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)電投(tou)(tou)入(ru)電網后,電網大(da)部(bu)分電量(liang)將由(you)風(feng)光(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)組(zu)頂替生產(chan),按照邊(bian)際成(cheng)(cheng)本報價(jia)回(hui)收(shou)變動成(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)理(li)(li)論(lun),電網系統內大(da)部(bu)分承擔(dan)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)可調機(ji)組(zu)的(de)固(gu)定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本將無法回(hui)收(shou)。為(wei)(wei)了保(bao)證電力設備(bei)(bei)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)的(de)穩定(ding)性(xing),必須保(bao)障(zhang)電力企業的(de)合理(li)(li)收(shou)益,這就需要保(bao)障(zhang)發(fa)(fa)電企業合理(li)(li)收(shou)回(hui)固(gu)定(ding)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本,即相當比例的(de)機(ji)組(zu)不再以(yi)生產(chan)電量(liang)為(wei)(wei)主,僅作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)風(feng)光(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)電的(de)配(pei)套設施,這部(bu)分容(rong)量(liang)補(bu)償費用(yong)(yong)也應記(ji)為(wei)(wei)風(feng)光(guang)(guang)發(fa)(fa)電的(de)生產(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)本。目前大(da)部(bu)分省份都在準備(bei)(bei)設計容(rong)量(liang)補(bu)償機(ji)制和容(rong)量(liang)市場(chang),以(yi)保(bao)證本地(di)區穩定(ding)的(de)電力投(tou)(tou)資(zi)。而這部(bu)分電力投(tou)(tou)資(zi)造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)補(bu)償費用(yong)(yong)也將增加(jia)電力運(yun)行(xing)費用(yong)(yong)。


近期受政(zheng)策利好影響,大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)風(feng)光發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)投(tou)資蜂擁而至(zhi),不但造成(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)光發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)固定投(tou)資成(cheng)(cheng)本不降(jiang)(jiang)反升,還可能造成(cheng)(cheng)在技術經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)條件不變(bian)情況下消納(na)成(cheng)(cheng)本快(kuai)速增(zeng)長。未來,大(da)電(dian)網消納(na)成(cheng)(cheng)本需要加上可調(diao)機(ji)組的(de)(de)啟停費(fei)用、調(diao)頻備(bei)用輔(fu)助服務費(fei)用和(he)容量(liang)補(bu)償(chang)費(fei)用,消納(na)成(cheng)(cheng)本將必(bi)然隨(sui)著(zhu)風(feng)光發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)比例的(de)(de)升高而大(da)幅(fu)上升,這(zhe)就會(hui)存在一個風(feng)光發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)最佳比例,在此比例之(zhi)后(hou)將會(hui)電(dian)網運(yun)行(xing)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)性(xing)急劇(ju)下降(jiang)(jiang),超越用戶電(dian)價的(de)(de)承受能力,影響近期的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。


實現碳中和目標需要著手的工作


“30·60目(mu)標”剛(gang)剛(gang)提出,電力行(xing)業的(de)(de)發展實施方式和技術障礙都是(shi)根據目(mu)前(qian)技術水平所提出,上述分析判(pan)斷都很初步(bu),存在一定的(de)(de)局限(xian)性。但是(shi),市場體制建設和電源電網技術水平的(de)(de)提高(gao),卻必須從現在開始著(zhu)手,才能不阻礙碳達(da)峰、碳中和目(mu)標的(de)(de)實現。


加快電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)機制(zhi)為(wei)核心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)體系(xi)(xi)建(jian)設(she)。國(guo)(guo)際上,實現(xian)高(gao)比例風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家,無一(yi)不是已(yi)經(jing)建(jian)立了(le)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)機制(zhi)為(wei)核心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)體系(xi)(xi),可見(jian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化有利于推(tui)動風(feng)光(guang)等(deng)新能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)(na)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)-輸-配(pei)-售(shou)-用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)個(ge)環節(jie)(jie),都是一(yi)個(ge)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)交換(huan)過程(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常運行需(xu)要理(li)(li)清(qing)各(ge)(ge)個(ge)環節(jie)(jie)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟關系(xi)(xi),利用市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)這(zhe)個(ge)配(pei)置資(zi)(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效手段(duan)調節(jie)(jie)各(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利責任,讓市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)來(lai)選(xuan)擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業(ye)碳(tan)中(zhong)和的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi),在優勝劣汰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭中(zhong)篩選(xuan)出(chu)性價比最(zui)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)(na)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)和消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)(na)手段(duan)。高(gao)比例風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)+大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)下,風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)(na)需(xu)要可調節(jie)(jie)能源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大力(li)(li)配(pei)合,就更需(xu)要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)來(lai)厘清(qing)這(zhe)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟關系(xi)(xi),需(xu)要市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)最(zui)真實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)(na)(na)成(cheng)本(ben),才(cai)能讓用戶(hu)信服(fu)地接受用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)合理(li)(li)上升。目前我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設(she)如火(huo)如荼,8個(ge)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)試(shi)點穩步推(tui)進,其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設(she)緊(jin)跟(gen)其(qi)后,風(feng)光(guang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)等(deng)參(can)與(yu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)也(ye)將撥云(yun)見(jian)日。為(wei)了(le)“30·60目標”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現(xian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)必須穩步加快建(jian)設(she),以市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)手段(duan)實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)資(zi)(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)置,助力(li)(li)實現(xian)碳(tan)中(zhong)和。


風(feng)光發電(dian)(dian)(dian)要增(zeng)強成(cheng)為“負責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)主(zhu)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)”的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)命感。“30·60目標”將(jiang)激(ji)勵著廣大風(feng)光發電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業擴(kuo)大生產,提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業綠(lv)色環(huan)(huan)保(bao)程度。未(wei)來一段(duan)時間內,風(feng)光行(xing)業要以自身(shen)是主(zhu)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)姿態承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren),不(bu)再將(jiang)國家政策(ce)“照顧”作為發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)條件,不(bu)斷降(jiang)低成(cheng)本(ben),積極參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang),在公平的(de)(de)(de)平臺上引領(ling)電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業發展(zhan)。不(bu)但(dan)能(neng)夠承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)自身(shen)需(xu)要為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren),還要能(neng)夠分擔(dan)其他(ta)“配角”的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren),如同之前(qian)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組長(chang)期無償為風(feng)光發電(dian)(dian)(dian)提(ti)供幫助(zhu)一樣。為實現(xian)高比例風(feng)光發電(dian)(dian)(dian)對未(wei)來系統的(de)(de)(de)友(you)(you)好(hao)性、經濟性,風(feng)光發電(dian)(dian)(dian)必須做(zuo)好(hao)負荷控制和(he)預測,提(ti)高自身(shen)安全穩定(ding)性,降(jiang)低設備投資成(cheng)本(ben),成(cheng)為真(zhen)正有(you)利于(yu)經濟、有(you)利于(yu)社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)型、友(you)(you)好(hao)型的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。


火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)要(yao)轉換定(ding)位(wei)尋求新的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇。傳統(tong)火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)作為(wei)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)可調(diao)節機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu),為(wei)中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力行業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、中國(guo)社會現代化發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)作出了巨大(da)(da)貢(gong)獻(xian)。未(wei)(wei)(wei)來(lai)電(dian)(dian)力行業將(jiang)朝著綠色可持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)進步,但也不是(shi)不需(xu)要(yao)傳統(tong)能源(yuan)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi),倫敦(dun)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故和今年冬(dong)季國(guo)內多地有序用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)也再一(yi)次證明傳統(tong)煤電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)必須性。在(zai)未(wei)(wei)(wei)來(lai)“30·60目標”下(xia),實現碳中和的(de)(de)(de)高比例(li)風光(guang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)需(xu)要(yao)火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)提供(gong)必須的(de)(de)(de)旋轉慣量(liang)和備(bei)用(yong)(yong)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)。雖然(ran)(ran)火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)小時(shi)(shi)數超預期大(da)(da)幅下(xia)降(jiang)成為(wei)必然(ran)(ran)趨勢,但火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容量(liang)還是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)長久保持(chi)。所以未(wei)(wei)(wei)來(lai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統(tong)不是(shi)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)火電(dian)(dian)容量(liang),而是(shi)要(yao)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)火電(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)。建議暫緩關停(ting)火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu),將(jiang)其作為(wei)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan),時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)。面對未(wei)(wei)(wei)來(lai),火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)要(yao)適應形勢需(xu)要(yao),必須加強自身建設,做(zuo)好設備(bei)管理(li)維護,做(zuo)到緊(jin)急時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)靠得(de)(de)住、關鍵(jian)時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)頂得(de)(de)上的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)可調(diao)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu),以期在(zai)調(diao)頻備(bei)用(yong)(yong)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)中、容量(liang)補償市(shi)(shi)場(chang)中贏得(de)(de)先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。


碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中和(he)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)作(zuo)為我國(guo)向世界作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)的鄭重承諾,將在(zai)未(wei)來(lai)指導我國(guo)能源(yuan)行(xing)業(ye)的發展方(fang)向。目(mu)前(qian),我國(guo)正(zheng)在(zai)在(zai)努(nu)力構建國(guo)內國(guo)際雙循環的新(xin)經濟發展格局,“30·60目(mu)標(biao)(biao)”將加快推進(jin)我國(guo)能源(yuan)產業(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升級,促進(jin)電力行(xing)業(ye)供給側結構性改(gai)革,以(yi)電力工業(ye)升級改(gai)造(zao)加速國(guo)內經濟循環,促進(jin)國(guo)民(min)經濟健康發展。廣大能源(yuan)行(xing)業(ye)從業(ye)者要堅定不(bu)移地支持“30·60目(mu)標(biao)(biao)”的實現,努(nu)力轉(zhuan)變生(sheng)產方(fang)式促進(jin)能源(yuan)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升級,以(yi)能源(yuan)革命的自我革新(xin)碰(peng)撞(zhuang)出(chu)(chu)“安(an)全、經濟、環保”能源(yuan)不(bu)可能三角的最優妥(tuo)協點,真正(zheng)做到有利于人(ren)民(min)、有利于碳(tan)中和(he)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)的實現。


注:本文刊載于《中國電力企業管理》2021年01期,作者單位:華能北京熱電有限公司。

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