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在“雙碳”背景下，我國已于2021年開始，強調要構建以新能源為主體的新型電力系統，而儲能建設則成為了這一系統中的重中之重。在大力開展抽水蓄能、電化學儲能建設之際，行業內專家也提出了一些具有可操作性的可行性分析與建議。浙江大學教授、浙江中控集團董事長金建祥在接受中國經濟時報記者采訪時表示，光熱型熔鹽儲能電站可建設規模大，規模化儲能可到10吉瓦以上，可規模化發展承擔和促進可再生能源的消納任務。

光熱型熔鹽儲能電站更安全高效低成本

金建祥介紹(shao)，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)型熔鹽儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站是一種以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)致熱(re)(re)(re)(re)部(bu)件作(zuo)為儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)輸入，以(yi)(yi)熔鹽作(zuo)為儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)介質，以(yi)(yi)聚光(guang)集熱(re)(re)(re)(re)系統(tong)作(zuo)為能(neng)(neng)量(liang)補充，以(yi)(yi)汽輪(lun)(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)輸出的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全、高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)和低(di)成本的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。其工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)為，在(zai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)谷(gu)時(shi)段或光(guang)伏、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)出現(xian)棄(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)熔鹽，將(jiang)多余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)為熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)并進行存儲(chu)；在(zai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)(gao)峰時(shi)段，利用(yong)高(gao)(gao)溫熔鹽通(tong)過(guo)(guo)蒸汽發(fa)(fa)(fa)生系統(tong)與水進行熱(re)(re)(re)(re)交換(huan)，產生高(gao)(gao)溫高(gao)(gao)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)蒸汽并驅動汽輪(lun)(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同時(shi)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聚光(guang)集熱(re)(re)(re)(re)系統(tong)，利用(yong)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)直接輻射(she)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)熔鹽，以(yi)(yi)彌補熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換(huan)過(guo)(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)損失，提高(gao)(gao)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)型熔鹽儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率可達85%以(yi)(yi)上。

此外，光熱(re)型熔鹽儲能電站還可以通過(guo)極(ji)低(di)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本配置(zhi)天(tian)然氣熔鹽加(jia)熱(re)爐(lu)，在極(ji)端(duan)天(tian)氣（連續(xu)陰雨天(tian)）及冬(dong)季枯(ku)水季，根據電網的(de)(de)需求，使用少(shao)量(liang)的(de)(de)天(tian)然氣加(jia)熱(re)熔鹽，繼續(xu)提供穩定的(de)(de)電力供應。

金建(jian)祥(xiang)表示，與抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)相比，光熱(re)型(xing)(xing)熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)效(xiao)率(lv)更(geng)(geng)(geng)高，經濟性更(geng)(geng)(geng)好，建(jian)設期更(geng)(geng)(geng)短(duan)，對(dui)地理條(tiao)件的(de)(de)要求更(geng)(geng)(geng)低(di)，對(dui)周邊(bian)生態(tai)環境(jing)沒有(you)負面影響。與電化(hua)學儲(chu)能(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)相比，光熱(re)型(xing)(xing)熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)規模更(geng)(geng)(geng)大，成(cheng)本更(geng)(geng)(geng)低(di)，儲(chu)能(neng)時(shi)間更(geng)(geng)(geng)長，使(shi)用壽命更(geng)(geng)(geng)長，不存在爆炸、燃燒風險，全生命周期對(dui)環境(jing)無(wu)(wu)污染，無(wu)(wu)需加(jia)裝調相機即可(ke)提供(gong)轉動慣量與無(wu)(wu)功功率(lv)，從而保證電網的(de)(de)頻率(lv)穩(wen)定與電壓穩(wen)定。更(geng)(geng)(geng)為(wei)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)是，通(tong)過以(yi)極低(di)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本加(jia)裝天然氣熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)加(jia)熱(re)爐，光熱(re)型(xing)(xing)熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)可(ke)以(yi)提供(gong)抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)、電化(hua)學儲(chu)能(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)均無(wu)(wu)法做到的(de)(de)全天候(hou)電力供(gong)應保障。

光熱型熔鹽儲能電站能大量促進新能源消納

金建(jian)祥表示，光熱型(xing)熔鹽(yan)儲能電(dian)站能大量促進新能源建(jian)設消納(na)。以一個800兆(zhao)瓦充電(dian)功率，充電(dian)時間4.8小(xiao)時，總計(ji)3840兆(zhao)瓦時儲能量的光熱型(xing)熔鹽(yan)儲能電(dian)站為例，該電(dian)站每(mei)年(nian)可以消納(na)光伏(fu)電(dian)量7億千瓦時，按照青(qing)海(hai)省目前(qian)12%棄光量計(ji)算，可以幫助青(qing)海(hai)省解(jie)決3240兆(zhao)瓦光伏(fu)棄光問(wen)題。

金建(jian)祥表(biao)示，“新能源+光熱(re)型熔(rong)鹽儲(chu)(chu)能電站”還能盤活特(te)高(gao)壓外送，幫助多省份共(gong)享新能源發展成(cheng)果(guo)，共(gong)攤儲(chu)(chu)能成(cheng)本(ben)。

以青海省為例，將“光(guang)伏+光(guang)熱型熔鹽(yan)儲能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站”打包，通(tong)過青豫直(zhi)流特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓外送河南，按照河南省峰(feng)(feng)段和平(ping)段平(ping)均電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價減去河南當地輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)，再減去特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)和青海電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的匯集費用(yong)(yong)(yong)，作為青海的上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，即(ji)把用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶端(duan)的峰(feng)(feng)谷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政策(ce)傳導到發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)端(duan)。該(gai)方案(an)將特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓輸(shu)送可再生能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的年利用(yong)(yong)(yong)小(xiao)時數(shu)大幅度提高(gao)(gao)(gao)到了4000小(xiao)時，大幅度提高(gao)(gao)(gao)了直(zhi)流特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)道的利用(yong)(yong)(yong)率，明顯(xian)地促進了青海大量(liang)光(guang)伏的消納。

金(jin)建(jian)祥向記(ji)者介紹，青豫(yu)直(zhi)流外送并不是個例，許多(duo)中東(dong)部(bu)省份在(zai)用電(dian)高峰都存在(zai)電(dian)不夠用的情況(kuang)，將西(xi)北的可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源通過(guo)當地配置(zhi)光熱型熔鹽儲能(neng)電(dian)站，再(zai)(zai)打包送到中東(dong)部(bu)地區(qu)是可(ke)以模塊化復制的。

金(jin)建祥(xiang)建議(yi)，應盡快(kuai)開展光(guang)熱(re)(re)型熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲能電站(zhan)可行性(xing)研究(jiu)，并建議(yi)參照抽(chou)水蓄能政策(ce)，盡快(kuai)對儲能功率(lv)大(da)(da)于800兆(zhao)瓦(wa)的(de)大(da)(da)型光(guang)熱(re)(re)型熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲能電站(zhan)開展試點，并建議(yi)開展“新(xin)能源+光(guang)熱(re)(re)型熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲能電站(zhan)”打包(bao)通過特高壓外送的(de)試點。