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經國務院同意，近日，國家發展改革委、國家能源局印發《關于完善能源綠色低碳轉型體制機制和政策措施的意見》（以下簡稱《意見》）。《意見》對完善能源綠色低碳轉型的體制機制和政策措施作出哪些部署？記者專訪了國家能源局有關負責同志。

問：我們注意(yi)到，《意(yi)見》是碳達峰(feng)碳中和“1＋N”政策(ce)體系中能源領域發(fa)布的綜合性政策(ce)文(wen)件(jian)，請問在當前時點出臺(tai)《意(yi)見》的考慮是什么？

答：習近平(ping)總書記(ji)指出，實現(xian)碳(tan)(tan)達(da)峰(feng)碳(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和(he)，是貫(guan)徹(che)新(xin)(xin)發展(zhan)理(li)念、構建新(xin)(xin)發展(zhan)格局(ju)(ju)(ju)、推動高質量(liang)發展(zhan)的(de)內在(zai)(zai)要(yao)求，是黨(dang)中(zhong)央統籌國際國內兩(liang)個大局(ju)(ju)(ju)作出的(de)重(zhong)大戰略(lve)決策(ce)。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國的(de)二(er)氧(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)排放總量(liang)中(zhong)，能源(yuan)(yuan)生產(chan)和(he)消費相關活動碳(tan)(tan)排放占比較(jiao)高，推進(jin)能源(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)是實現(xian)碳(tan)(tan)達(da)峰(feng)碳(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和(he)目(mu)標(biao)的(de)關鍵(jian)。對標(biao)碳(tan)(tan)達(da)峰(feng)碳(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和(he)目(mu)標(biao)，現(xian)行能源(yuan)(yuan)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)和(he)政(zheng)策(ce)還(huan)(huan)存在(zai)(zai)一些不(bu)足，主要(yao)體現(xian)為：能源(yuan)(yuan)消費模(mo)式向綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)的(de)意(yi)識還(huan)(huan)需要(yao)增強(qiang)，在(zai)(zai)綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)中(zhong)新(xin)(xin)的(de)安全(quan)(quan)保供(gong)風險(xian)增多(duo)，能源(yuan)(yuan)輸送(song)等基礎設施不(bu)適(shi)應新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)大規(gui)模(mo)發展(zhan)，關鍵(jian)環節(jie)自主創新(xin)(xin)能力(li)還(huan)(huan)不(bu)強(qiang)，能源(yuan)(yuan)市場體系還(huan)(huan)不(bu)完善，能源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)的(de)協同機制(zhi)有待改進(jin)，投融資等政(zheng)策(ce)支持力(li)度仍偏弱等。應堅持系統性(xing)、全(quan)(quan)局(ju)(ju)(ju)性(xing)思維(wei)，從(cong)頂層設計的(de)角(jiao)度統籌謀劃(hua)能源(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)的(de)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)和(he)政(zheng)策(ce)措施。

《意見》作為碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中(zhong)和“1+N”政(zheng)策體(ti)(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)保(bao)障方案(an)之一(yi)，是《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央、國務院關于完整準確全面貫徹新發展理(li)念做好碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中(zhong)和工作的(de)(de)(de)意見》《2030年前(qian)碳(tan)達峰行動方案(an)》在能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)政(zheng)策保(bao)障措施的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)化。《意見》將與能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)碳(tan)達峰系列政(zheng)策協同實施，形成政(zheng)策合力(li)，成體(ti)(ti)系地推進(jin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色低(di)碳(tan)轉型。

問：請簡要介(jie)紹《意見(jian)》在推進能源綠(lv)色低碳轉型(xing)方面(mian)的總體(ti)思路，這樣的布局(ju)出于(yu)怎(zen)樣的考(kao)慮？

答：《意見》作(zuo)為能源領域推進(jin)(jin)碳達(da)峰(feng)、碳中和(he)工作(zuo)的(de)綜合性政(zheng)(zheng)策文(wen)件，堅(jian)持系(xi)統觀(guan)念，從(cong)體制機制改革創(chuang)新和(he)政(zheng)(zheng)策保(bao)障的(de)角度對能源綠(lv)色低碳發展(zhan)進(jin)(jin)行系(xi)統謀劃。主要突出了4個方面(mian)的(de)統籌。

一是統籌(chou)協(xie)同(tong)推(tui)進能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)規(gui)劃(hua)。《意見(jian)》立(li)足發(fa)揮能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)和規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)引(yin)領作用，提出(chu)各省級能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)劃(hua)均應(ying)明確(que)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)轉(zhuan)型(xing)的(de)目標和任務，國(guo)家(jia)建立(li)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)轉(zhuan)型(xing)的(de)監測評價和考核(he)機(ji)制。《意見(jian)》提出(chu)建立(li)跨部門(men)、跨區域的(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)安全與發(fa)展協(xie)調(diao)機(ji)制，重(zhong)(zhong)點協(xie)調(diao)推(tui)進能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)輸送通道建設(she)，加強(qiang)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)劃(hua)、重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)工程(cheng)與國(guo)土空間規(gui)劃(hua)和生態(tai)環境保(bao)(bao)護(hu)等專項規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)銜接(jie)。按年度建立(li)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)工程(cheng)臺賬(zhang)并加強(qiang)督導(dao)協(xie)調(diao)，確(que)保(bao)(bao)國(guo)家(jia)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)和規(gui)劃(hua)以及重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)工程(cheng)建設(she)有序順利推(tui)進。

二是統(tong)(tong)籌能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉型(xing)與(yu)安(an)全。《意見》要求先立后破，在(zai)保障能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)安(an)全的(de)(de)前提下有序推進能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綠色低碳轉型(xing)。一(yi)方面，要立足我國能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)稟賦，把握能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綠色低碳轉型(xing)的(de)(de)節奏(zou)和力度(du)，進一(yi)步完善化石能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)清潔高效(xiao)開發利用機制，有序推進新型(xing)電力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)建設，推動構建以清潔低碳能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主體的(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供應體系(xi)(xi)。另一(yi)方面，要完善能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)預(yu)測(ce)預(yu)警機制、電力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)安(an)全運行和綜合防御體系(xi)(xi)、能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供應保障和儲(chu)備應急體系(xi)(xi)，進一(yi)步增(zeng)強能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)安(an)全保供能(neng)力。

三是(shi)統籌(chou)生產(chan)與(yu)消(xiao)費協(xie)同轉型。《意(yi)見(jian)》堅(jian)持生產(chan)側(ce)(ce)與(yu)消(xiao)費側(ce)(ce)同步發力、上下游(you)聯動推(tui)進能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)轉型。在消(xiao)費側(ce)(ce)，堅(jian)持節約(yue)優先，完善(shan)能(neng)耗、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排放管(guan)理制度，建立綠色(se)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)費促進機制，對工業、建筑、交通領(ling)域提出促進綠色(se)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)費的(de)具體政策措施；在生產(chan)側(ce)(ce)，建立綠色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)為導向的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)開發利用新機制，全面開展清潔(jie)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)普查和(he)評(ping)價并與(yu)國土空間基礎信息平臺做(zuo)好銜接(jie)，各地(di)區(qu)(qu)均應(ying)優先開發利用本地(di)清潔(jie)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)，根據需要積極引入區(qu)(qu)域外(wai)的(de)清潔(jie)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。

四是統籌各(ge)類(lei)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)協同轉型。《意見》提出加強機制(zhi)保障(zhang)和政(zheng)策引導，激發(fa)各(ge)類(lei)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)轉型動力，充(chong)分發(fa)揮協同作用。一方面，加快推進電(dian)力體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)，深化能(neng)源(yuan)領域“放管(guan)服”改革(ge)，優(you)化清潔低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)項(xiang)目(mu)核準(zhun)和備案流(liu)程，破除制(zhi)約市(shi)場(chang)(chang)競(jing)爭的各(ge)類(lei)障(zhang)礙和隱性壁壘，為各(ge)類(lei)新(xin)興市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)創造良好(hao)發(fa)展環境；另一方面，進一步健全對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)、油(you)氣管(guan)網(wang)等(deng)自然壟(long)斷環節企業(ye)的考核機制(zhi)，重點考核有關(guan)企業(ye)履行能(neng)源(yuan)供應保障(zhang)、科技創新(xin)、生態環保等(deng)職(zhi)責情況(kuang)。

問：《意見》將如何完(wan)善引導我(wo)國綠(lv)色能源消費(fei)(fei)的制(zhi)度和政策(ce)體系(xi)，從而(er)助推我(wo)國能源消費(fei)(fei)綠(lv)色升級？

答：綠色消(xiao)費引領是能(neng)源綠色低碳轉型的關鍵。《意見(jian)》系(xi)統提(ti)出了(le)促進能(neng)源綠色消(xiao)費的制度和(he)政策體系(xi)，主要(yao)包括三個方面：

一(yi)是完(wan)善能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)、碳(tan)排放管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)非(fei)化石(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)目(mu)標制(zhi)度(du)。強化能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)強度(du)降低約(yue)束(shu)性指標管(guan)理(li)(li)，有效增強能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)費(fei)總量(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)彈性，新增可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)原料用(yong)能(neng)(neng)不(bu)納入能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)費(fei)總量(liang)控制(zhi)，合理(li)(li)確(que)定各地區能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)強度(du)降低目(mu)標，加強與(yu)碳(tan)達峰(feng)、碳(tan)中(zhong)和(he)目(mu)標任務的(de)銜接。在(zai)非(fei)化石(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)目(mu)標落實方(fang)面，將全國可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)開發(fa)利用(yong)中(zhong)長期總量(liang)及最低比(bi)重目(mu)標科學分解到(dao)各省(sheng)（自治區、直轄(xia)市）實施，同時完(wan)善可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電力消(xiao)納保障機制(zhi)，建立推(tui)進(jin)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)開發(fa)利用(yong)、確(que)保完(wan)成非(fei)化石(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)目(mu)標的(de)上下(xia)聯動的(de)落實機制(zhi)。

二是(shi)健全綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)促進(jin)(jin)機制(zhi)。促進(jin)(jin)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)是(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)領域(yu)的(de)一(yi)場深(shen)刻變革，必須(xu)加(jia)快完(wan)善(shan)有利于能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)，推進(jin)(jin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)結構綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)轉型升級。《意見》提出推動完(wan)善(shan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相(xiang)關的(de)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)機制(zhi)，通過消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)端優先(xian)使(shi)用綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)需求選(xuan)擇帶動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生產供應端綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)低碳(tan)(tan)轉型，包括建立綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)認證機制(zhi)、電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)替代推廣(guang)機制(zhi)、完(wan)善(shan)和推廣(guang)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)電力證書交(jiao)易等(deng)舉措，在全社(she)(she)會(hui)倡導(dao)節(jie)約用能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)用能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)促進(jin)(jin)機制(zhi)將為追求零碳(tan)(tan)低碳(tan)(tan)的(de)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)工廠、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)園區、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)社(she)(she)區等(deng)提供實現途徑，并(bing)使(shi)之(zhi)得到社(she)(she)會(hui)廣(guang)泛認可。

三是推(tui)(tui)動(dong)重點(dian)行(xing)業轉變用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)。《意(yi)見》與重點(dian)行(xing)業領域碳(tan)達峰(feng)實(shi)施(shi)方(fang)(fang)案相銜接，重點(dian)圍繞工(gong)業、建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)等(deng)行(xing)業領域，提出電(dian)(dian)價、分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)易(yi)、國土(tu)(tu)空間(jian)保障等(deng)支持政策(ce)，推(tui)(tui)動(dong)提升終端用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)低碳(tan)化(hua)和電(dian)(dian)氣化(hua)水平，控(kong)制化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費。在(zai)(zai)工(gong)業領域，推(tui)(tui)動(dong)企業形成低碳(tan)、零碳(tan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費模式(shi)(shi)，鼓勵通(tong)(tong)過創新電(dian)(dian)力(li)輸送及運行(xing)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)實(shi)現可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)項目就近向產業園區(qu)或企業供電(dian)(dian)，以及企業等(deng)通(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場購買綠色電(dian)(dian)力(li)。在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑領域，推(tui)(tui)行(xing)綠色用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，推(tui)(tui)動(dong)超低能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑、低碳(tan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑規模化(hua)發展，在(zai)(zai)具(ju)備條件的地區(qu)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)供熱計(ji)量(liang)改革，支持建(jian)(jian)(jian)設可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)供能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統，鼓勵光伏(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑一體化(hua)應用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)領域，推(tui)(tui)行(xing)大(da)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)氣化(hua)公共交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)和電(dian)(dian)動(dong)、氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、先(xian)進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)物液體燃料、天然氣等(deng)清(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工(gong)具(ju)，完善充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)、加氫(qing)(qing)、加氣（LNG）站點(dian)布(bu)局及服(fu)務設施(shi)，在(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)地空間(jian)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面予以支持。

問(wen)：實(shi)現(xian)“雙碳”目標，要在能(neng)源供給側構建多元化清潔能(neng)源供應體系，《意(yi)見》對此有什么(me)具體政策措施？

答(da)：《意見》立足我國能(neng)源資源稟賦，堅持先立后(hou)破、通盤謀劃，系統提出支撐能(neng)源供給側綠色(se)低碳轉型的體制機(ji)制和政策措(cuo)施(shi)。

一(yi)是推動構建(jian)(jian)以(yi)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)低碳能(neng)源(yuan)為主體(ti)的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)供(gong)應(ying)體(ti)系。《意見(jian)》突出能(neng)源(yuan)結構向非化石能(neng)源(yuan)轉變的(de)基(ji)本導(dao)向。一(yi)方面，加(jia)快推進(jin)大型風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)地建(jian)(jian)設，要求對基(ji)地所在區(qu)域(yu)(yu)內現(xian)有煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組進(jin)行升級改造，并(bing)使之為新能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)提(ti)供(gong)調(diao)節支撐；同時，探索建(jian)(jian)立送受兩(liang)端協同為新能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力輸送提(ti)供(gong)調(diao)節的(de)機制(zhi)，支持新能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力能(neng)建(jian)(jian)盡建(jian)(jian)、能(neng)并(bing)盡并(bing)、能(neng)發(fa)(fa)盡發(fa)(fa)，加(jia)快構建(jian)(jian)新能(neng)源(yuan)供(gong)給消納體(ti)系。另一(yi)方面，推動可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)就近(jin)(jin)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)利用(yong)，完善(shan)支持分布式清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)價(jia)格(ge)政策(ce)，各(ge)地區(qu)按就近(jin)(jin)原則(ze)優先開(kai)發(fa)(fa)利用(yong)本地清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)低碳能(neng)源(yuan)資源(yuan)，根(gen)據需要積極引入區(qu)域(yu)(yu)外(wai)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)低碳能(neng)源(yuan)，形(xing)成優先通(tong)過(guo)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)低碳能(neng)源(yuan)滿(man)足(zu)新增用(yong)能(neng)需求并(bing)逐漸替代存量化石能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)生(sheng)產(chan)消費格(ge)局。

二是(shi)大(da)力(li)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)清潔開發(fa)利(li)用(yong)(yong)。《意(yi)見》強調(diao)化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)清潔開發(fa)利(li)用(yong)(yong)和(he)減(jian)污降碳的重要性(xing)。在較長(chang)(chang)時期，立足以(yi)煤(mei)為(wei)主的基本(ben)國(guo)情，建(jian)立煤(mei)礦綠色發(fa)展長(chang)(chang)效機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，完(wan)善(shan)煤(mei)矸石、礦井(jing)水等資源(yuan)綜(zong)合(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)政(zheng)策，支持綠色智能(neng)(neng)(neng)煤(mei)礦建(jian)設，嚴(yan)格合(he)理控制(zhi)煤(mei)炭消費增長(chang)(chang)。完(wan)善(shan)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進煤(mei)電機(ji)(ji)組超低排放改造(zao)、靈活性(xing)改造(zao)、供熱改造(zao)的機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)和(he)政(zheng)策，推(tui)(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)燃煤(mei)自備機(ji)(ji)組公平承擔社(she)會責(ze)任(ren)，加快推(tui)(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)煤(mei)電向基礎保障性(xing)和(he)系統調(diao)節性(xing)電源(yuan)并重轉型。提升油氣田清潔高效開采(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，完(wan)善(shan)油氣與地熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)等協同開發(fa)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)。

三是推動適應綠(lv)色(se)(se)低碳轉型(xing)(xing)的(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)。能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)色(se)(se)低碳轉型(xing)(xing)，需要(yao)適應新(xin)型(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)、管(guan)網(wang)等基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施。在電(dian)(dian)力方(fang)(fang)(fang)面，立足構建(jian)(jian)(jian)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)，加強新(xin)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)頂(ding)層設(she)計，對(dui)(dui)現(xian)有電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)進行綠(lv)色(se)(se)低碳發展適應性評估，提(ti)升(sheng)技術并優化系統(tong)(tong)。完善適應可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局域深度利用(yong)和廣域輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)的(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)體(ti)系，整體(ti)優化輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡(luo)和電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)運行，完善靈活性電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)運行機制、電(dian)(dian)力需求相應機制，提(ti)升(sheng)對(dui)(dui)可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力的(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)和消納(na)能(neng)(neng)力。在油(you)(you)氣(qi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面，在滿足安全等前提(ti)下，支持(chi)清潔燃料接入油(you)(you)氣(qi)管(guan)網(wang)，探索輸(shu)(shu)(shu)氣(qi)管(guan)道摻氫輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)等高效(xiao)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)氫方(fang)(fang)(fang)式。鼓(gu)勵(li)傳統(tong)(tong)加油(you)(you)站(zhan)、加氣(qi)站(zhan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)油(you)(you)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)氫一(yi)體(ti)化綜合交通能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)站(zhan)。在綜合能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)等新(xin)業(ye)(ye)態方(fang)(fang)(fang)面，探索同一(yi)市(shi)場主體(ti)運營多(duo)能(neng)(neng)互(hu)補、多(duo)能(neng)(neng)聯供(gong)(gong)區域綜合能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)(tong)，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)(ye)、燃氣(qi)供(gong)(gong)應企業(ye)(ye)應為綜合能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)運營企業(ye)(ye)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)支持(chi)。

問：《意見》在加強清(qing)潔低(di)碳能源(yuan)生產(chan)要素保障、降低(di)非(fei)技術(shu)成本方面作(zuo)了(le)系統部署，相關政策措施將如何具體(ti)開(kai)展？

答：能源(yuan)綠色(se)低(di)碳(tan)轉型，實質(zhi)是(shi)生產(chan)要(yao)(yao)素(su)從高(gao)碳(tan)領域流向低(di)碳(tan)領域的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。實現先立后破、打破路徑依(yi)賴，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)強有力的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策(ce)支持引導(dao)。《意見》系統提出完善有利于能源(yuan)綠色(se)低(di)碳(tan)轉型的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)、財稅、金(jin)融、價格以及數據資源(yuan)等政(zheng)策(ce)，引導(dao)土(tu)地(di)、資金(jin)、數據等生產(chan)要(yao)(yao)素(su)投入到(dao)清潔(jie)低(di)碳(tan)能源(yuan)領域，加強要(yao)(yao)素(su)協同配置，加快推進能源(yuan)綠色(se)低(di)碳(tan)轉型。

一(yi)是強(qiang)化(hua)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)保障(zhang)。為(wei)(wei)解決清潔低(di)碳能(neng)源開發(fa)(fa)(fa)利用涉及(ji)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)種類(lei)(lei)多、范圍廣、協調(diao)難度大等問(wen)題(ti)，《意(yi)見(jian)》提出建(jian)立清潔低(di)碳能(neng)源開發(fa)(fa)(fa)利用的(de)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)管理機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，完善能(neng)源項目建(jian)設(she)用地(di)(di)(di)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)指導政策，調(diao)整(zheng)優化(hua)可再生能(neng)源開發(fa)(fa)(fa)用地(di)(di)(di)用海要求，制(zhi)(zhi)定利用沙(sha)漠(mo)、戈(ge)壁、荒漠(mo)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)建(jian)設(she)可再生能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)工程的(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)政策，在(zai)(zai)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)規劃中統(tong)籌(chou)考慮輸(shu)電(dian)通道(dao)、油(you)氣管道(dao)走(zou)廊用地(di)(di)(di)需求，對充換電(dian)、加氫、加氣（LNG）場(chang)站布(bu)局(ju)和建(jian)設(she)在(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)等方面予(yu)以(yi)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)。為(wei)(wei)解決核電(dian)、抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)廠（場(chang)）址保護和管理協調(diao)問(wen)題(ti)，《意(yi)見(jian)》提出完善核電(dian)、抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)廠（場(chang)）址保護制(zhi)(zhi)度并在(zai)(zai)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)規劃中予(yu)以(yi)保障(zhang)的(de)措施。同(tong)時，《意(yi)見(jian)》要求嚴格(ge)依法(fa)規范能(neng)源開發(fa)(fa)(fa)涉地(di)(di)(di)（涉海）稅費征收，為(wei)(wei)清潔低(di)碳能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)展營造(zao)良(liang)好營商環境。

二是加大(da)投(tou)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)持。一方面(mian)，完善支(zhi)持能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色低(di)(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)轉型的多元化投(tou)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)機制(zhi)，加大(da)中(zhong)央預算內投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，對(dui)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)減排貢獻度高的能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)項目(mu)予以支(zhi)持，鼓勵(li)將符合(he)條件的重大(da)清潔(jie)低(di)(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)項目(mu)納(na)入地方政府專項債(zhai)券(quan)支(zhi)持范圍，同(tong)時發揮國(guo)家綠色發展基金(jin)、基礎設(she)施領域不動(dong)產投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)信(xin)托基金(jin)（REITs）等引領作(zuo)用(yong)。另一方面(mian)，完善能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色低(di)(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)轉型的金(jin)融支(zhi)持政策，完善清潔(jie)低(di)(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)行業企業貸(dai)款(kuan)審批流程和(he)評級方法，充分(fen)考慮相(xiang)關產業鏈(lian)長期成長性及(ji)對(dui)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)達峰、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和(he)的貢獻，引導金(jin)融機構(gou)加大(da)支(zhi)持力度。探索(suo)發展清潔(jie)低(di)(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)行業供(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)融，創新適應清潔(jie)低(di)(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)特點(dian)的綠色金(jin)融產品。

三是完(wan)善(shan)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)政策(ce)。針(zhen)對(dui)工(gong)業(ye)領域綠色能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費，提(ti)(ti)出對(dui)余(yu)熱(re)余(yu)壓余(yu)氣等(deng)綜(zong)合利用(yong)(yong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)減(jian)免交(jiao)叉補貼(tie)和系統備用(yong)(yong)費。針(zhen)對(dui)建(jian)筑(zhu)綠色用(yong)(yong)能(neng)和清潔取暖，提(ti)(ti)出鼓勵電(dian)(dian)(dian)供暖企業(ye)和用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場獲得低谷(gu)時段低價(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，綜(zong)合運用(yong)(yong)峰谷(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)、居民階梯(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)等(deng)予以支(zhi)持(chi)。針(zhen)對(dui)分布式(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展，提(ti)(ti)出完(wan)善(shan)支(zhi)持(chi)分布式(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)發(fa)自(zi)用(yong)(yong)、市場化交(jiao)易的價(jia)格(ge)(ge)政策(ce)。針(zhen)對(dui)儲能(neng)和調(diao)節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)設，提(ti)(ti)出完(wan)善(shan)支(zhi)持(chi)儲能(neng)應用(yong)(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)，完(wan)善(shan)支(zhi)持(chi)靈(ling)活性(xing)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組、天(tian)然(ran)氣調(diao)峰機(ji)組、太(tai)陽能(neng)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和儲能(neng)等(deng)調(diao)節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)運行(xing)的價(jia)格(ge)(ge)補償機(ji)制(zhi)。

四是加強數據要(yao)素(su)支撐(cheng)(cheng)。數據已(yi)成為(wei)能源(yuan)(yuan)領域重要(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)素(su)。《意(yi)見(jian)》提(ti)(ti)出全(quan)(quan)面開展全(quan)(quan)國清(qing)潔低碳(tan)能源(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)詳(xiang)細(xi)勘(kan)查(cha)和(he)綜合(he)評價，完善并動態更新全(quan)(quan)國清(qing)潔低碳(tan)能源(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)數據庫。構建國家能源(yuan)(yuan)基礎信(xin)息(xi)及共(gong)享平(ping)臺，整合(he)能源(yuan)(yuan)全(quan)(quan)產(chan)(chan)業鏈信(xin)息(xi)，推動能源(yuan)(yuan)領域數字經濟發展。提(ti)(ti)高(gao)可再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)相關氣象(xiang)觀測、資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)評價以及預(yu)測預(yu)報(bao)技(ji)術能力，為(wei)可再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)普查(cha)、項目開發和(he)電力系統(tong)運(yun)行提(ti)(ti)供支撐(cheng)(cheng)。

問：《意見(jian)》對深化能源改革創(chuang)新、激(ji)發市場(chang)活力有什么(me)總體導向(xiang)？

答(da)：《意見》針對適應能(neng)源綠色(se)低碳轉型的(de)能(neng)源治(zhi)理體系和治(zhi)理能(neng)力建設，圍(wei)繞深(shen)化能(neng)源體制改革提出(chu)系列舉(ju)措，充分(fen)發揮市場在(zai)資源配置中的(de)決定性作用，更好發揮政(zheng)府作用，增強能(neng)源系統運行和資源配置效率。

一是加(jia)快(kuai)(kuai)推進電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)建(jian)設。建(jian)立全國統一電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)體系(xi)，加(jia)快(kuai)(kuai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)輔助服務市(shi)場(chang)建(jian)設，完(wan)善(shan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)中長(chang)期、現(xian)貨(huo)和(he)輔助服務交(jiao)易有(you)機(ji)銜接機(ji)制，探索容量市(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易機(ji)制，深化輸配電(dian)(dian)等(deng)重點領域改革，通過市(shi)場(chang)化方式促進電(dian)(dian)力(li)綠色(se)低碳(tan)發展。完(wan)善(shan)跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區電(dian)(dian)價形成機(ji)制，促進可再(zai)生能源在更大范圍消納。

二是積極推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)分布(bu)式(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)市(shi)場化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易。為推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)分布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)，實現清潔低(di)碳能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)就近(jin)開發、就近(jin)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)，《意見》明確了(le)分布(bu)式(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就近(jin)市(shi)場化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易的(de)政(zheng)策和機(ji)制。支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)分布(bu)式(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（含電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)儲能(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車船等(deng)）與同(tong)一配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)(jiao)易平臺就近(jin)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行交(jiao)(jiao)易，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)（含增(zeng)量配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)）提供(gong)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、計量和交(jiao)(jiao)易結算等(deng)技術支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)，完善支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)分布(bu)式(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)市(shi)場化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易的(de)價(jia)格政(zheng)策及市(shi)場規則。

三是以市場化(hua)方式(shi)引(yin)導消費側綠色(se)低碳轉型。《意見》提出(chu)加強頂(ding)層設計(ji)和統(tong)籌協(xie)調，加快建設全國碳排放權交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)市場、用(yong)(yong)能(neng)權交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)市場、綠色(se)電(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)市場。完善(shan)有利(li)于可再生能(neng)源優先利(li)用(yong)(yong)的電(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)機制，開展綠色(se)電(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)試點，鼓勵新能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)主體與電(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶或售電(dian)(dian)公司等簽訂長期購(gou)售電(dian)(dian)協(xie)議(yi)。支持微電(dian)(dian)網、分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源、儲(chu)能(neng)和負荷聚(ju)合商等新興市場主體獨立參與電(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)。

四是深化(hua)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領域“放(fang)管(guan)服(fu)”改(gai)革。落實市場(chang)準(zhun)入(ru)負面(mian)清單制度，優化(hua)清潔低(di)碳能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)項目(mu)(mu)核準(zhun)和(he)備案流程，簡化(hua)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)投資項目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)程序，創新綜(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)務項目(mu)(mu)建設管(guan)理(li)機制。要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業提(ti)升新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力接(jie)納(na)(na)能(neng)(neng)力，動態公布(bu)(bu)經營區(qu)域內可接(jie)納(na)(na)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力的容量信息并(bing)提(ti)供查詢服(fu)務，依法依規(gui)將符合(he)規(gui)劃和(he)安全生產條件的新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)項目(mu)(mu)和(he)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)發電(dian)(dian)項目(mu)(mu)接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)，做到(dao)應(ying)并(bing)盡并(bing)。

問：《意(yi)見(jian)》提出將完善能(neng)(neng)源領域創(chuang)新體系和激(ji)勵機制，提升(sheng)關(guan)鍵核心技術創(chuang)新能(neng)(neng)力，請介紹相關(guan)政(zheng)策舉(ju)措(cuo)。

答：能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色(se)低(di)碳轉型(xing)不僅需(xu)要(yao)產業結構調整(zheng)，更需(xu)要(yao)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)技術創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的支撐。《意見》立足能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型(xing)發(fa)展對技術創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的需(xu)求，加強能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)技術創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)機制的頂層(ceng)設(she)計，完(wan)善能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領域創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)體系和(he)激(ji)勵機制，提(ti)升關鍵核心技術創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)力，增強能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色(se)低(di)碳轉型(xing)發(fa)展內(nei)生動力。

一(yi)是建立清潔低碳能(neng)源(yuan)重(zhong)(zhong)大科(ke)技(ji)協同創新(xin)體系。以能(neng)源(yuan)領(ling)(ling)(ling)域(yu)國(guo)家(jia)實驗室(shi)等國(guo)家(jia)戰略科(ke)技(ji)力量為(wei)引領(ling)(ling)(ling)，支持(chi)行業龍(long)頭(tou)企(qi)業聯合(he)高等院校、科(ke)研院所和行業上下游(you)企(qi)業共(gong)建國(guo)家(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)領(ling)(ling)(ling)域(yu)研發創新(xin)平臺，圍繞能(neng)源(yuan)領(ling)(ling)(ling)域(yu)相關(guan)(guan)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)零(ling)部(bu)件及元(yuan)器件、基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)軟件、基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)材料、基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)工藝等關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)技(ji)術(shu)開展聯合(he)攻關(guan)(guan)，實施能(neng)源(yuan)重(zhong)(zhong)大科(ke)技(ji)協同創新(xin)研究(jiu)。

二是建立清(qing)潔(jie)低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)供應鏈(lian)協同(tong)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)制(zhi)。為(wei)發揮我(wo)國市(shi)場優(you)勢和(he)制(zhi)度優(you)勢，促進清(qing)潔(jie)低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)一體(ti)化(hua)技術(shu)進步，《意(yi)(yi)見》提出依(yi)托(tuo)大(da)(da)型新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)基(ji)地(di)等重大(da)(da)能(neng)源(yuan)工程，推(tui)進上下游企業(ye)(ye)協同(tong)開展先(xian)進技術(shu)裝備研發、制(zhi)造和(he)應用(yong)，通過工程化(hua)集(ji)成應用(yong)形成先(xian)進技術(shu)及產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)能(neng)力(li)。為(wei)完善我(wo)國技術(shu)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)和(he)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)發展的公共技術(shu)支撐(cheng)體(ti)系，《意(yi)(yi)見》提出依(yi)托(tuo)現(xian)有基(ji)礎完善清(qing)潔(jie)低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)技術(shu)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)服務(wu)平臺(tai)，推(tui)動研發設計(ji)、計(ji)量測試、檢測認證、知識產(chan)權服務(wu)等科技服務(wu)業(ye)(ye)與清(qing)潔(jie)低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)深度融合(he)。建立清(qing)潔(jie)低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)技術(shu)成果評價、轉化(hua)和(he)推(tui)廣機(ji)制(zhi)。

三是完善(shan)能源(yuan)綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)轉型科技創(chuang)新激勵政(zheng)策。為(wei)充(chong)分激發(fa)(fa)各類市場(chang)主體(ti)的創(chuang)新活力，《意見》提(ti)出(chu)(chu)，探索以市場(chang)化方式吸引(yin)社(she)會(hui)資本(ben)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)資金(jin)投入(ru)大、研(yan)究難度高的戰略性清(qing)潔低碳(tan)能源(yuan)技術研(yan)發(fa)(fa)和示范項目；還提(ti)出(chu)(chu)采取(qu)“揭榜(bang)掛帥(shuai)”等方式組織重(zhong)大關鍵技術攻關，完善(shan)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)首臺（套）先進(jin)重(zhong)大能源(yuan)技術裝備示范應用的政(zheng)策，推動能源(yuan)領域重(zhong)大技術裝備推廣應用。

問：農村(cun)地(di)區能(neng)源綠色(se)轉型發展(zhan)，是滿足人民美好生活需求(qiu)的內(nei)在(zai)要(yao)求(qiu)，是構(gou)建現(xian)代能(neng)源體系的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)組成部分，對鞏(gong)固拓展(zhan)脫貧攻(gong)堅成果、促(cu)進鄉村(cun)振興，實現(xian)碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中和目標(biao)和農業農村(cun)現(xian)代化具有重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)意義。《意見》在(zai)農村(cun)地(di)區能(neng)源綠色(se)低碳(tan)轉型與鄉村(cun)振興融(rong)合發展(zhan)方面有哪(na)些重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)舉措？

答：農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)地區能(neng)源綠色低碳轉(zhuan)型，既(ji)是能(neng)源綠色低碳轉(zhuan)型的重要(yao)(yao)組成部(bu)分，也是推動(dong)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振興的重要(yao)(yao)途徑。《意(yi)見》圍繞(rao)加快農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)能(neng)源綠色低碳轉(zhuan)型助(zhu)力(li)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振興，從政策(ce)支持、機制創新和新能(neng)源電力(li)就(jiu)近交易(yi)等方面(mian)，提出了一系(xi)列政策(ce)舉措。

一是創新農村(cun)(cun)(cun)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發利(li)用(yong)機制(zhi)。鼓勵利(li)用(yong)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)地(di)(di)區適宜分散開(kai)(kai)(kai)發風電(dian)、光伏發電(dian)的(de)土地(di)(di)，探索(suo)統一規劃、分散布(bu)局(ju)、農企(qi)合作、利(li)益共享(xiang)的(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)項(xiang)目投(tou)資(zi)經營(ying)模(mo)式(shi)。鼓勵農村(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)體經濟組織依法以(yi)土地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)權入(ru)股(gu)、聯(lian)營(ying)等(deng)方式(shi)與專業化企(qi)業共同(tong)投(tou)資(zi)經營(ying)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)發電(dian)項(xiang)目。所提出的(de)機制(zhi)創新，既為(wei)(wei)分散式(shi)、分布(bu)式(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發利(li)用(yong)打開(kai)(kai)(kai)廣闊(kuo)空間，也為(wei)(wei)鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興注入(ru)強勁(jing)動力，促進農村(cun)(cun)(cun)地(di)(di)區能源(yuan)綠色低碳轉型與鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興的(de)融合發展。

二(er)是加(jia)(jia)強政(zheng)策支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)。《意見》提出，中央財(cai)政(zheng)資金進一步向農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源建設(she)傾斜，利用(yong)現有資金渠道支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源供應(ying)基礎(chu)設(she)施建設(she)、北方地(di)區冬季(ji)清(qing)潔(jie)取暖、建筑節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等。完善規模化沼氣、生(sheng)物天然(ran)氣、成(cheng)型燃料等生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和地(di)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)利用(yong)扶持(chi)(chi)(chi)政(zheng)策和保(bao)障機(ji)制。加(jia)(jia)大對農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)電網建設(she)的支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)力度，組織電網企業(ye)完善農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)電網。鼓(gu)勵金融機(ji)構(gou)按照市場(chang)化、法治(zhi)化原則為可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電項目提供融資支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)。這些支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)政(zheng)策將(jiang)在(zai)推(tui)動(dong)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)清(qing)潔(jie)低(di)碳能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源開(kai)發(fa)(fa)利用(yong)、改善用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)條件和促(cu)進鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興方面形成(cheng)合力。

三是支持新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)就近交易(yi)(yi)。《意見》提(ti)出(chu)，加強農(nong)村(cun)(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)技術、運行(xing)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交易(yi)(yi)方式創(chuang)新(xin)，支持新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)就近交易(yi)(yi)，為(wei)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)公益(yi)性和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活用能(neng)(neng)以及(ji)鄉村(cun)(cun)振興相關產(chan)業(ye)提(ti)供低(di)成(cheng)本綠色能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。在農(nong)村(cun)(cun)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)優先支持屋頂分布式光伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以及(ji)沼氣(qi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等生(sheng)(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業(ye)等應當優先收(shou)購其發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。通過完(wan)善農(nong)村(cun)(cun)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)設施，建立就近交易(yi)(yi)機制(zhi)，有利于(yu)在縣級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域推進新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)技術試點和(he)示范。這些政策措施將為(wei)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)就地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)和(he)消(xiao)費清潔低(di)碳能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)、降低(di)用能(neng)(neng)成(cheng)本創(chuang)造有利條件。

問：《意(yi)見(jian)》中提(ti)到(dao)將健全(quan)能源綠(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)轉型安全(quan)保供(gong)體系，請(qing)您介紹這一體系將如何助力(li)保障能源穩定供(gong)應和(he)安全(quan)？

答：能(neng)源綠色(se)低碳(tan)轉型(xing)的(de)前提(ti)(ti)是保障能(neng)源安全(quan)。《意見》堅持立足國情，先立后破，在保障能(neng)源安全(quan)的(de)前提(ti)(ti)下有序(xu)推進(jin)能(neng)源綠色(se)低碳(tan)轉型(xing)。

一是注重戰(zhan)略統籌，強化責任落實。《意見》提出(chu)在規劃編制及實施中(zhong)加強各能(neng)源(yuan)品(pin)種之(zhi)間、產業鏈上(shang)下游之(zhi)間、區域之(zhi)間的(de)協同互濟，整(zheng)體提高能(neng)源(yuan)綠色低碳轉(zhuan)型和供應(ying)安(an)全保障水平。建立跨(kua)(kua)部門、跨(kua)(kua)區域的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)安(an)全與發展協調(diao)(diao)機制，協調(diao)(diao)開(kai)展跨(kua)(kua)省跨(kua)(kua)區電力、油氣等能(neng)源(yuan)輸送(song)通(tong)道及儲備(bei)等基(ji)礎設(she)施和安(an)全體系建設(she)。同時，《意見》提出(chu)健全對(dui)電網、油氣管網等自(zi)然(ran)壟斷環節企業的(de)考(kao)核機制，重點考(kao)核有(you)關企業履行(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)供應(ying)保障、科(ke)技創新(xin)、生態環保等職責情況，進一步壓實有(you)關企業的(de)保供責任。

二是注(zhu)重(zhong)風險(xian)(xian)識別，突出安全(quan)降碳。堅持(chi)底線思維，注(zhu)重(zhong)加強(qiang)(qiang)轉(zhuan)型(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)識別和(he)管(guan)控。《意(yi)見》提(ti)出，健全(quan)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)預測預警機制(zhi)，加強(qiang)(qiang)全(quan)國以(yi)及分級分類的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)生產、供(gong)(gong)應(ying)和(he)消費信息系統(tong)(tong)建(jian)設，建(jian)立涵(han)蓋(gai)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)、應(ying)急、氣象、水利、地(di)質(zhi)等部門的(de)(de)極(ji)端(duan)天氣聯合應(ying)對機制(zhi)。《意(yi)見》強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)要立足以(yi)煤為主(zhu)的(de)(de)基本國情，按(an)照能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)不同發(fa)展階(jie)段，發(fa)揮好(hao)煤炭(tan)在能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)保(bao)障中(zhong)的(de)(de)基礎作用；在電力(li)安全(quan)保(bao)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)前提(ti)下，推動煤電向基礎保(bao)障性和(he)系統(tong)(tong)調(diao)節(jie)性電源(yuan)(yuan)并重(zhong)轉(zhuan)型(xing)。

三是完(wan)善(shan)(shan)體制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)，強化制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)保(bao)障。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面，健全(quan)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綠色(se)低碳轉型安(an)(an)全(quan)保(bao)供(gong)體系。構建(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統安(an)(an)全(quan)運行和(he)綜合防御(yu)體系，建(jian)立各級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)規劃(hua)安(an)(an)全(quan)評估(gu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，完(wan)善(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量平(ping)衡(heng)管理，制(zhi)(zhi)定年度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統安(an)(an)全(quan)保(bao)供(gong)方(fang)案(an)。建(jian)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業與(yu)燃(ran)料供(gong)應(ying)企(qi)業、管輸企(qi)業的信息共享與(yu)應(ying)急聯動機制(zhi)(zhi)，確保(bao)極端(duan)情況下能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)應(ying)。健全(quan)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)應(ying)保(bao)障和(he)儲備(bei)應(ying)急體系，完(wan)善(shan)(shan)煤(mei)(mei)炭(tan)、石油、天(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)儲備(bei)體系和(he)產供(gong)儲銷(xiao)體系，完(wan)善(shan)(shan)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)油氣(qi)供(gong)應(ying)保(bao)障協調(diao)機制(zhi)(zhi)。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面，突(tu)出改革創(chuang)新和(he)市場機制(zhi)(zhi)對能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)需(xu)平(ping)衡(heng)的作用。推(tui)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)需(xu)求(qiu)響應(ying)市場化建(jian)設(she)，推(tui)動將需(xu)求(qiu)側可調(diao)節資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)納入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量平(ping)衡(heng)，發(fa)揮需(xu)求(qiu)側資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)削峰(feng)填谷、促進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)需(xu)平(ping)衡(heng)和(he)適應(ying)新能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)運行的作用。同(tong)時，完(wan)善(shan)(shan)支持靈(ling)活性煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)、天(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)調(diao)峰(feng)機組(zu)、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)儲能等調(diao)節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)運行的價格補償機制(zhi)(zhi)。

問：未(wei)來在《意見》的貫徹落(luo)實方(fang)面還(huan)要做哪些工作(zuo)？有怎樣的規劃？

答：下(xia)一步，國家發展改革委、國家能源局將會同(tong)有關部門(men)加(jia)強部門(men)協(xie)同(tong)，增進工作合(he)力，扎實推進《意見》相關政策舉(ju)措落實落地，確(que)保能源綠色(se)低碳轉型工作取(qu)得積極成效。

一是加快(kuai)完善(shan)能源綠色低(di)碳轉(zhuan)型政策體系。明確任務分(fen)工，圍繞能源綠色低(di)碳轉(zhuan)型推進機制進一步完善(shan)政策舉(ju)措(cuo)，推動(dong)各方統(tong)籌有序(xu)做(zuo)好能源綠色低(di)碳轉(zhuan)型工作。

二是組(zu)織開展(zhan)試點示范。支持(chi)有(you)條件的(de)地方和重點行業、重點企業積極探索，開展(zhan)試點示范，形成(cheng)一批可(ke)復制、可(ke)推廣的(de)有(you)效模式，為如(ru)期實現能源綠色低碳轉(zhuan)型目標提供有(you)益經驗。

三(san)是強化政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)評估(gu)和(he)動態調整(zheng)。國(guo)(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)改革委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)家能源局將(jiang)會同有(you)關(guan)部門，及時跟蹤(zong)、定期(qi)調度各地區各領域工作進(jin)展(zhan)，組織開展(zhan)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)落實情況(kuang)評估(gu)，根據(ju)落實情況(kuang)進(jin)行動態調整(zheng)。