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2021年3月(yue)，習近平總書記在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)財經委員會第九(jiu)次(ci)(ci)會議上強(qiang)調(diao)(diao)，要(yao)深(shen)化電(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)，構建(jian)(jian)以新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統。這(zhe)是一個(ge)至關重要(yao)的(de)全新提(ti)法(fa)，為(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業提(ti)供(gong)了根本遵循(xun)、指明了前進(jin)(jin)方向，預示著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統未來顛覆(fu)性的(de)革(ge)新。此(ci)前國家(jia)發改(gai)委、國家(jia)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局及能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業的(de)提(ti)法(fa)是，構建(jian)(jian)適應高比例可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發展(zhan)的(de)新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統。此(ci)次(ci)(ci)會議進(jin)(jin)一步定調(diao)(diao)，首次(ci)(ci)提(ti)出構建(jian)(jian)以新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統，這(zhe)意味著(zhu)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)在(zai)未來電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占據(ju)主(zhu)體(ti)地位(wei)、成為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)形(xing)式在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)層面首次(ci)(ci)得以明確。同時，以促(cu)進(jin)(jin)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發展(zhan)為(wei)(wei)突破口，賦予了“深(shen)化電(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)”新的(de)要(yao)求和任務，即電(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)要(yao)促(cu)進(jin)(jin)以新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統發展(zhan)，包括新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)參與電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場機制(zhi)、促(cu)進(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統靈活調(diao)(diao)節性資源(yuan)（抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、新型(xing)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、需求側資源(yuan)等）發展(zhan)機制(zhi)等。

2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)12日(ri)，習近平(ping)總(zong)書(shu)記在(zai)(zai)(zai)氣(qi)候雄心峰會上(shang)(shang)表示，到(dao)(dao)(dao)2030年(nian)(nian)(nian)，中國(guo)(guo)風(feng)電(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)總(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)將達到(dao)(dao)(dao)12億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)行(xing)業普遍(bian)預測，12億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)只是(shi)下限，到(dao)(dao)(dao)2030年(nian)(nian)(nian)，風(feng)電(dian)和光(guang)(guang)伏裝(zhuang)機(ji)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)16～18億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)左右。今(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)15日(ri)，南方(fang)電(dian)網公司發(fa)(fa)布建設(she)新(xin)型電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統行(xing)動方(fang)案（2021～2030年(nian)(nian)(nian)）白皮書(shu)，提(ti)(ti)出(chu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)2025年(nian)(nian)(nian)具(ju)備新(xin)型電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統“綠色高(gao)效、柔性開放、數字賦能(neng)(neng)(neng)”的(de)基本(ben)(ben)特征，支撐南方(fang)五省(sheng)區新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)新(xin)增(zeng)1億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)；到(dao)(dao)(dao)2030年(nian)(nian)(nian)基本(ben)(ben)建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)新(xin)型電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統，支撐新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)再新(xin)增(zeng)1億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。其中，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)達到(dao)(dao)(dao)2.5億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)南方(fang)五省(sheng)區第一(yi)大電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。可見，未來(lai)(lai)我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統將更多的(de)以(yi)風(feng)電(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏等新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主導增(zeng)量(liang)，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)將逐(zhu)(zhu)步(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)我國(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構(gou)轉型的(de)重要力(li)(li)量(liang)，新(xin)一(yi)輪爆發(fa)(fa)式增(zeng)長已經是(shi)確定(ding)性事(shi)件(jian)(jian)。隨著新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)快速發(fa)(fa)展，補(bu)貼缺(que)口(kou)也(ye)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)大，盡管國(guo)(guo)家主管部門先后數次下調風(feng)電(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)補(bu)貼標(biao)準，并(bing)上(shang)(shang)調電(dian)價中的(de)可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)附(fu)加(jia)費(fei)，但依然無法彌補(bu)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)大的(de)補(bu)貼缺(que)口(kou)。同時，在(zai)(zai)(zai)規(gui)模化應用過程中，風(feng)電(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)等新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)技術水平(ping)不斷提(ti)(ti)升，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)持續下降(jiang)，部分地區已處于傳統化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)區間。市場化交易、無補(bu)貼發(fa)(fa)展逐(zhu)(zhu)漸具(ju)備條件(jian)(jian)，深(shen)化電(dian)力(li)(li)市場改(gai)革、通過市場化手段(duan)促進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展和消(xiao)納已成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)業界共識。

我國新能源發展現狀

我(wo)國(guo)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)產業發展(zhan)迅猛(meng)，近十余年(nian)(nian)都以30%以上的超常(chang)速度增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)，如今(jin)我(wo)國(guo)已是全球(qiu)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)規模(mo)最大(da)、發展(zhan)最快的國(guo)家(jia)。據國(guo)家(jia)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局有(you)關統計，截至2020年(nian)(nian)底，我(wo)國(guo)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)總規模(mo)5.6億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)，位居全球(qiu)首位，占總裝機(ji)比(bi)重(zhong)25.5%。其(qi)中：風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)2.8億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)、光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)2.5億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)、生(sheng)物(wu)質發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)2952萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)，分別連(lian)續11年(nian)(nian)、6年(nian)(nian)和3年(nian)(nian)穩居全球(qiu)首位。2020年(nian)(nian)，我(wo)國(guo)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)裝機(ji)接近1.2億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)，約占全國(guo)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)的62.8%。風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量7270億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)時，占總發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量比(bi)重(zhong)9.5%，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)0.9個百分點。這些都表明我(wo)國(guo)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)綠色電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替代作(zuo)用不斷增(zeng)(zeng)強，有(you)力支撐了(le)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)綠色低碳轉型。

據(ju)兩大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司有關統計，2020年(nian)，國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司經(jing)(jing)營區(qu)域內(nei)，新(xin)能源(yuan)市場化交(jiao)易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)1577億千瓦時(shi)(shi)，占(zhan)(zhan)新(xin)能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的21.7%。其(qi)中，新(xin)能源(yuan)跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)交(jiao)易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)920億千瓦時(shi)(shi)，新(xin)能源(yuan)與大(da)用(yong)戶直接交(jiao)易、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)權交(jiao)易等省(sheng)內(nei)新(xin)能源(yuan)交(jiao)易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)657億千瓦時(shi)(shi)。南方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司經(jing)(jing)營區(qu)域內(nei)，消納新(xin)能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)1022億千瓦時(shi)(shi)，同比增長27%，新(xin)能源(yuan)利用(yong)率99.8%，基本實現全額消納。其(qi)中，新(xin)能源(yuan)市場化交(jiao)易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)96億千瓦時(shi)(shi)，占(zhan)(zhan)新(xin)能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的17.3%，主要在(zai)云南省(sheng)內(nei)，廣東、廣西已針對風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏等可(ke)再生能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出臺了相應的交(jiao)易方(fang)案或規則。

我國新能源發電價格機制

總體來說，我國風電(dian)、光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)實行保障(zhang)(zhang)性(xing)收(shou)購(gou)與(yu)市場化消納共存的交易機(ji)制(zhi)。保障(zhang)(zhang)利用小(xiao)(xiao)時數（合理利用小(xiao)(xiao)時數）以(yi)(yi)內電(dian)量(liang)(liang)，電(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)以(yi)(yi)收(shou)購(gou)價(jia)(jia)統一收(shou)購(gou)。對于(yu)(yu)不同類型的新(xin)能源電(dian)量(liang)(liang)，收(shou)購(gou)價(jia)(jia)按(an)照以(yi)(yi)下方式確(que)(que)定：對于(yu)(yu)競(jing)爭性(xing)配置項(xiang)(xiang)目，按(an)照中標價(jia)(jia)格收(shou)購(gou)；對于(yu)(yu)非競(jing)爭性(xing)配置的常規(gui)項(xiang)(xiang)目、平價(jia)(jia)項(xiang)(xiang)目，按(an)照煤(mei)電(dian)標桿上網電(dian)價(jia)(jia)收(shou)購(gou)；對于(yu)(yu)非競(jing)爭性(xing)配置的低價(jia)(jia)項(xiang)(xiang)目，按(an)照合約(yue)價(jia)(jia)格（低于(yu)(yu)煤(mei)電(dian)標桿上網電(dian)價(jia)(jia)）收(shou)購(gou)。保障(zhang)(zhang)利用小(xiao)(xiao)時數（合理利用小(xiao)(xiao)時數）以(yi)(yi)外電(dian)量(liang)(liang)參與(yu)電(dian)力市場，以(yi)(yi)市場方式確(que)(que)定價(jia)(jia)格并(bing)保證其(qi)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)全額消納。

價(jia)格機(ji)制方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)政(zheng)策主要有以下幾項(xiang)(xiang)：2016年(nian)3月(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)委(wei)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)《可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)全(quan)(quan)額(e)保(bao)(bao)障性(xing)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)管理辦法》（發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)〔2016〕625號），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)根(gen)據國(guo)(guo)家(jia)確(que)定的(de)(de)上網(wang)標(biao)桿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和保(bao)(bao)障性(xing)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)，全(quan)(quan)額(e)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)規(gui)(gui)劃范圍內的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。2016年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)(ju)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)《關(guan)(guan)于做好(hao)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)全(quan)(quan)額(e)保(bao)(bao)障性(xing)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)管理工(gong)作的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)》（發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)〔2016〕1150號），首次(ci)(ci)核(he)定了部(bu)分(fen)存(cun)在棄風(feng)(feng)、棄光(guang)問題地(di)區規(gui)(gui)劃內的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)低(di)保(bao)(bao)障收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)年(nian)利(li)用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)。保(bao)(bao)障性(xing)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)按(an)標(biao)桿上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和最(zui)低(di)保(bao)(bao)障收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)年(nian)利(li)用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)全(quan)(quan)額(e)結(jie)算，超出最(zui)低(di)保(bao)(bao)障收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)年(nian)利(li)用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)的(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)通(tong)過市場交易方(fang)式(shi)消(xiao)納。2017年(nian)1月(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)委(wei)、財(cai)政(zheng)部(bu)、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)(ju)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)《關(guan)(guan)于試行(xing)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)色電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)證書(shu)核(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)及自愿(yuan)認購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)交易制度的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)》（發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)〔2017〕132號），為陸(lu)上風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)（不(bu)含分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)放綠(lv)色電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)證書(shu)。風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)出售可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)色電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)證書(shu)后，相應的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量不(bu)再(zai)(zai)(zai)享受國(guo)(guo)家(jia)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)附加資金的(de)(de)補(bu)貼(tie)。2019年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)(ju)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)《關(guan)(guan)于建立健(jian)全(quan)(quan)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)消(xiao)納保(bao)(bao)障機(ji)制的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)》（發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)〔2019〕807號），標(biao)志著可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)配額(e)制以可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)消(xiao)納責(ze)任權重的(de)(de)形式(shi)正式(shi)實施。2020年(nian)1月(yue)(yue)、10月(yue)(yue)，財(cai)政(zheng)部(bu)、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)(ju)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)《關(guan)(guan)于促進非水可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)健(jian)康發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)若干意見(jian)》（財(cai)建〔2020〕4號）及有關(guan)(guan)補(bu)充通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)（財(cai)建〔2020〕426號），首次(ci)(ci)明確(que)了按(an)照可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)目全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命周期(qi)合理利(li)用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)核(he)定中(zhong)央財(cai)政(zheng)補(bu)貼(tie)額(e)度。

隨著產業技術進步(bu)、效率(lv)的(de)提升，近年(nian)來新建(jian)(jian)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目成本(ben)不斷下降(jiang)，當(dang)前已經具備平(ping)價(jia)(jia)上網條件，行業對(dui)(dui)平(ping)價(jia)(jia)上網也形(xing)(xing)成高度共識。在此(ci)背景下，2021年(nian)6月，國家發(fa)(fa)改委印發(fa)(fa)《關(guan)于2021年(nian)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)有關(guan)事項(xiang)的(de)通知》（發(fa)(fa)改價(jia)(jia)格(ge)〔2021〕833號(hao)），這是風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正(zheng)式步(bu)入無(wu)補(bu)貼(tie)時代后最具標志性(xing)意義的(de)一項(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)。對(dui)(dui)新備案集(ji)中(zhong)式光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、工商業分布式光伏項(xiang)目和新核準陸上風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目，2021年(nian)起中(zhong)央財政(zheng)(zheng)不再(zai)補(bu)貼(tie)，實行平(ping)價(jia)(jia)上網。對(dui)(dui)新建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目，2021年(nian)不再(zai)通過(guo)競爭性(xing)方(fang)式形(xing)(xing)成上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，直接(jie)(jie)執(zhi)行當(dang)地燃煤發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基準價(jia)(jia)，這釋放出清(qing)晰強(qiang)烈(lie)的(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)信(xin)號(hao)，有利于調(diao)動各方(fang)面投資積極性(xing)，推動風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產業加(jia)快發(fa)(fa)展。同時，考慮(lv)到部分用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業希(xi)望與新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業直接(jie)(jie)開展市(shi)場交易購(gou)買綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并支付更(geng)高價(jia)(jia)格(ge)，新建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目可自愿(yuan)通過(guo)參與市(shi)場化交易形(xing)(xing)成上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，以(yi)更(geng)好(hao)地體現風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)綠色(se)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)價(jia)(jia)值。

我國新能源發電參與電力(li)市場現(xian)狀

新能源參與省內市場

中長(chang)期市場：新(xin)能源發(fa)電企業與其他常規機組一樣，按(an)照自愿(yuan)原(yuan)則與售電公(gong)司、批發(fa)用戶簽訂中長(chang)期交(jiao)易合同。

現貨市(shi)場(chang)：當(dang)前我國第一批八個電力現貨市(shi)場(chang)試(shi)點(dian)(dian)地區(qu)，新(xin)能源(yuan)在絕(jue)大(da)多數地區(qu)保(bao)障性收購、優先(xian)消納，按照電力現貨市(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)規則參與甘(gan)肅、蒙(meng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)、山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)等(deng)三省區(qu)現貨交(jiao)易(yi)。山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)現貨試(shi)點(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，新(xin)能源(yuan)以(yi)報量不報價(jia)(jia)方式(shi)參與日(ri)前市(shi)場(chang)，以(yi)低(di)邊際成本保(bao)障優先(xian)出(chu)清(qing)。甘(gan)肅、蒙(meng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)現貨試(shi)點(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，新(xin)能源(yuan)以(yi)報量報價(jia)(jia)方式(shi)，在日(ri)前市(shi)場(chang)基(ji)于中(zhong)長期電量日(ri)分(fen)解曲線申報分(fen)段(duan)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)參與市(shi)場(chang)出(chu)清(qing)，以(yi)低(di)邊際成本實現優先(xian)消納。從這三個現貨試(shi)點(dian)(dian)的試(shi)結算來看，新(xin)能源(yuan)主要通過降低(di)電價(jia)(jia)，甚至地板(ban)價(jia)(jia)、零價(jia)(jia)來獲(huo)取(qu)市(shi)場(chang)化電量空間。

新能源(yuan)參與跨省(sheng)跨區市場

中長(chang)期(qi)市場：主(zhu)要(yao)有新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外(wai)送(song)(song)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)與(yu)大用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)直接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)與(yu)常規(gui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)省(sheng)間發(fa)(fa)電權交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)三種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外(wai)送(song)(song)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，一般采取新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)與(yu)煤(mei)電打捆外(wai)送(song)(song)，主(zhu)要(yao)有“點對(dui)網(wang)”和(he)“網(wang)對(dui)網(wang)”兩種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)與(yu)大用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)直接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，目(mu)前主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)銀(yin)東直流跨區外(wai)送(song)(song)，采用(yong)“點對(dui)點”形(xing)式(shi)(shi)，送(song)(song)端為銀(yin)東直流3個配(pei)套電源(yuan)企(qi)業及寧夏(xia)、青海、甘肅、陜西的煤(mei)電企(qi)業和(he)風(feng)電、光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電企(qi)業，受端為山東電力用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)。新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)與(yu)常規(gui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)省(sheng)間發(fa)(fa)電權交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，目(mu)前主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)與(yu)煤(mei)電的省(sheng)間發(fa)(fa)電權轉讓(rang)和(he)置換。

現(xian)貨市(shi)場：在(zai)中長(chang)期市(shi)場基礎上(shang)，國內探索建立了富余可再(zai)生能源電力(li)跨省跨區現(xian)貨交易，可以(yi)更好地匹配新能源實(shi)際發電特性，是中長(chang)期交易的重要補充。

國外新能源(yuan)參與電力市場機制(zhi)

電價機制

從國際上(shang)來看(kan)，對新能源(yuan)發(fa)展的電價支持機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主要分(fen)為固定上(shang)網電價機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（Feed-in Tariff，FIT）、溢價補貼(tie)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（Feed-in Premium，FIP）、可再生能源(yuan)配(pei)額制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（Renewable energy Portfolio Standard，RPS）和(he)綠證機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

固定(ding)上網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制：根(gen)據各類新能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)標準成本(ben)，政府(fu)直接明確規(gui)定(ding)其上網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)按照政府(fu)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)無條件(jian)收(shou)購新能(neng)源上網電(dian)(dian)量，由此增加的額外(wai)購電(dian)(dian)成本(ben)由國家補貼或(huo)計(ji)入終端用戶銷售電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。如芬蘭、德(de)國（2012年前(qian)）。

溢(yi)(yi)價(jia)補貼(tie)機制(zhi)：新(xin)(xin)能源按(an)照電(dian)力(li)市場規(gui)則(ze)與其他常(chang)規(gui)電(dian)源無差別競(jing)價(jia)上網，同時政府(fu)為(wei)新(xin)(xin)能源上網電(dian)量(liang)提(ti)供(gong)溢(yi)(yi)價(jia)補貼(tie)，新(xin)(xin)能源上網電(dian)價(jia)水平為(wei)“電(dian)力(li)市場價(jia)格+溢(yi)(yi)價(jia)補貼(tie)”，溢(yi)(yi)價(jia)補貼(tie)可(ke)為(wei)固定或(huo)浮動。如丹麥、荷蘭。2012年以(yi)后，德國新(xin)(xin)能源發電(dian)企業可(ke)以(yi)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)固定上網電(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)，也可(ke)以(yi)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)溢(yi)(yi)價(jia)補貼(tie)機制(zhi)。

可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)額(e)制(zhi)(zhi)和綠(lv)證機制(zhi)(zhi)：政府以(yi)法(fa)律(lv)的形(xing)式對可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發電市場份(fen)額(e)做出的強制(zhi)(zhi)性規定(ding)(ding)，即(ji)電力(li)系統所供電力(li)中必須(xu)有一定(ding)(ding)比例（即(ji)配(pei)額(e)標準）由可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供應。綠(lv)色證書(shu)是(shi)對可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發電方式進行確認的一種指標，可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)參與電能(neng)(neng)量市場出售電能(neng)(neng)并(bing)(bing)獲(huo)取與其發電量相(xiang)對應的綠(lv)色證書(shu)，并(bing)(bing)將(jiang)其在綠(lv)證市場上出售以(yi)獲(huo)取綠(lv)證收益(yi)。美國(guo)是(shi)世(shi)界上第一個實(shi)(shi)施(shi)可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)額(e)制(zhi)(zhi)的國(guo)家，目前美國(guo)絕(jue)大多數州都實(shi)(shi)施(shi)了配(pei)額(e)制(zhi)(zhi)。

差價(jia)合約機制：英國于(yu)2013年后(hou)開始實(shi)施(shi)第三次電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)改革，建立(li)基于(yu)差價(jia)合約的長期(qi)合同(tong)制度(du)，為(wei)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)提供清晰、穩定、可預測(ce)的投(tou)資激勵。其運(yun)作方式為(wei)：新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)與政府(fu)簽(qian)訂雙向(xiang)差價(jia)合約。當市(shi)場(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)低于(yu)合約電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)時，由政府(fu)向(xiang)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)補(bu)貼差價(jia)；當合約電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)高于(yu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)時，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)需要向(xiang)政府(fu)退還差價(jia)。這相當于(yu)由政府(fu)承擔市(shi)場(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)波動的風險（甚至(zhi)存在零電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)、負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)等極(ji)端過補(bu)償(chang)情況），對發電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)來說基本等同(tong)于(yu)固定上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制。

交易機制

偏差(cha)考核機(ji)制(zhi)：新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)發電出力(li)預(yu)測(ce)精度不(bu)足，導致實際出力(li)與(yu)預(yu)測(ce)出力(li)存(cun)在一定偏差(cha)。國外(wai)電力(li)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)普遍會有(you)相應的考核機(ji)制(zhi)，但相對常(chang)規機(ji)組而(er)言更為(wei)寬松一些，以鼓勵(li)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)參加電力(li)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)交易(yi)。如丹(dan)麥電力(li)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)中，平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)責(ze)任代理商（Balance Responsible Party，BRP）可以參與(yu)日(ri)(ri)前(qian)、日(ri)(ri)內(nei)以及輔助服務市場(chang)(chang)(chang)（含平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)），采(cai)用雙價(jia)格(ge)(ge)結(jie)算機(ji)制(zhi)（Two-Price Settlement System）。新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)發電作為(wei)BRP-P（Production，代表售(shou)電），若(ruo)(ruo)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)與(yu)系統(tong)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)相反，結(jie)算價(jia)格(ge)(ge)為(wei)日(ri)(ri)前(qian)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)；若(ruo)(ruo)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)與(yu)系統(tong)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)相同(tong)，結(jie)算價(jia)格(ge)(ge)為(wei)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)。

調(diao)峰(feng)市場機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)：新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)占比(bi)較高的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)市場，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統必須具備(bei)良好(hao)的(de)(de)調(diao)峰(feng)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)。國外除建立常規能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)調(diao)峰(feng)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)外，還鼓勵新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)機(ji)組主動(dong)參與系統調(diao)峰(feng)，一般采取控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)組出(chu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)方(fang)式。如(ru)北歐電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)市場的(de)(de)負電(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)、愛(ai)爾蘭電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)市場的(de)(de)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)機(ji)組減出(chu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)獎勵機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。

投(tou)資保障機制(zhi)：新能源(yuan)占比較高的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場，整體出清價(jia)格水平較低。國外一般通過建立容量(liang)(liang)補(bu)償機制(zhi)、容量(liang)(liang)市場及稀缺電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)等保障常(chang)規(gui)機組(zu)合(he)理收益，充(chong)分(fen)調動靈(ling)活調節性(xing)資源(yuan)投(tou)資積極性(xing)，促進系(xi)(xi)統有(you)效備用容量(liang)(liang)充(chong)足，實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統長期安全穩定(ding)運行(xing)。如美國PJM市場的(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)市場機制(zhi)、得州市場的(de)(de)稀缺電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)。

跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區(qu)交(jiao)易(yi)機制：加(jia)大(da)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)國跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區(qu)外(wai)送是解決風電(dian)、光伏等(deng)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)全額消納(na)的最有效手段。如北(bei)歐四國新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)占比較高，資源(yuan)稟賦、負荷分布(bu)呈現(xian)明顯的區(qu)域不平衡性，跨(kua)(kua)(kua)國跨(kua)(kua)(kua)區(qu)交(jiao)易(yi)十分頻繁(fan)，實(shi)現(xian)了電(dian)力資源(yuan)在更大(da)范(fan)圍內自由流動、優化(hua)配(pei)置。

我國新能源參與電力市場的路徑設計

隨著我國電力體制(zhi)改革不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)深化，市(shi)場(chang)交易電量規模不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)擴大，新(xin)能源(yuan)發(fa)電企業對參與(yu)(yu)(yu)電力市(shi)場(chang)已有(you)預期，而(er)且隨著發(fa)電成本持(chi)(chi)續下降，目(mu)前已經具備參與(yu)(yu)(yu)市(shi)場(chang)的競爭力。總(zong)體來說，新(xin)能源(yuan)參與(yu)(yu)(yu)電力市(shi)場(chang)，必須堅持(chi)(chi)“有(you)效(xiao)市(shi)場(chang)”與(yu)(yu)(yu)“有(you)為政(zheng)府”相結合，妥(tuo)善處理好市(shi)場(chang)建設與(yu)(yu)(yu)可持(chi)(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)之間(jian)的關(guan)系。既要(yao)發(fa)揮市(shi)場(chang)機制(zhi)優化資(zi)源(yuan)配置的作用，也要(yao)保障新(xin)能源(yuan)產業可持(chi)(chi)續健康(kang)發(fa)展(zhan)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能影響社會資(zi)本對新(xin)能源(yuan)產業的投資(zi)積(ji)極性。

對于(yu)新(xin)能源存量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)必須以(yi)兌現政策為前提(ti)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)障利(li)用小時(shi)數(shu)（合(he)理(li)利(li)用小時(shi)數(shu)）以(yi)內的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)“保(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)”收(shou)購，保(bao)(bao)(bao)障利(li)用小時(shi)數(shu)（合(he)理(li)利(li)用小時(shi)數(shu)）以(yi)外的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)障性收(shou)購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)部(bu)分(fen)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)優(you)先(xian)安排(pai)年度(du)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)劃、與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(si)簽訂優(you)先(xian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)（實物合(he)同(tong)(tong)或差價(jia)(jia)合(he)同(tong)(tong)）保(bao)(bao)(bao)障全額(e)按政府核定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)收(shou)購；市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)部(bu)分(fen)由新(xin)能源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)競爭方(fang)式(shi)獲得發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)(ye)按照優(you)先(xian)調度(du)原則執(zhi)行(xing)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)。對于(yu)新(xin)能源增量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，原則上全部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。為避免(mian)短期(qi)內政策調整過(guo)(guo)(guo)大、保(bao)(bao)(bao)障新(xin)能源投資(zi)積極性，可考慮給(gei)予一定過(guo)(guo)(guo)渡(du)期(qi)，過(guo)(guo)(guo)渡(du)期(qi)內仍給(gei)予增量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)一定保(bao)(bao)(bao)障政策，過(guo)(guo)(guo)渡(du)期(qi)結(jie)束后增量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)全部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)進入市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)要(yao)提(ti)前明(ming)確過(guo)(guo)(guo)渡(du)期(qi)時(shi)限，穩定市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)預期(qi)。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)機制是決定市場(chang)(chang)(chang)運行(xing)效(xiao)率(lv)和交(jiao)易(yi)規模(mo)的(de)關鍵因素。高(gao)效(xiao)的(de)交(jiao)易(yi)機制可以(yi)促(cu)進(jin)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)積極參(can)與市場(chang)(chang)(chang)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)優化配置。對(dui)于新(xin)(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)參(can)與跨省跨區電(dian)(dian)能交(jiao)易(yi)，以(yi)中(zhong)長期交(jiao)易(yi)為主(zhu)，同(tong)時(shi)結合短期跨省跨區富余新(xin)(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)交(jiao)易(yi)。前者(zhe)通過新(xin)(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與火電(dian)(dian)打捆形成穩定出力(li)(li)再進(jin)行(xing)外送(song)，后者(zhe)對(dui)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)外送(song)的(de)針(zhen)對(dui)性更(geng)強，方式(shi)(shi)更(geng)加靈活。對(dui)于新(xin)(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)參(can)與省內電(dian)(dian)能交(jiao)易(yi)，仍以(yi)中(zhong)長期交(jiao)易(yi)為主(zhu)，鼓(gu)勵以(yi)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)或報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)方式(shi)(shi)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)。初期，新(xin)(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)方式(shi)(shi)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)，作為價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格接受(shou)者(zhe)優先出清(qing)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)全(quan)額消納。這種模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和原來(lai)上(shang)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)功率(lv)預(yu)測給調度類似，關鍵在(zai)于預(yu)測準確率(lv)。待(dai)條件(jian)成熟以(yi)后，新(xin)(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)逐(zhu)步(bu)向報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)方式(shi)(shi)過渡。為降(jiang)低新(xin)(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)功率(lv)預(yu)測誤差(cha)、提高(gao)競爭力(li)(li)，可為其(qi)提供(gong)靈活的(de)交(jiao)易(yi)申報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)機制，如允(yun)許(xu)其(qi)在(zai)日內、實(shi)(shi)時(shi)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)二次申報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)曲線。

對于新(xin)能(neng)源占(zhan)比較高的地區，要進一步完善調峰、調頻及輔助服(fu)務等激(ji)勵機制，可(ke)探索開展爬坡（快速升降功率）、系(xi)統(tong)慣性(xing)（系(xi)統(tong)瞬時穩定頻率變(bian)化的能(neng)力）等輔助服(fu)務交易品種(zhong)。

有關建議

深(shen)入分析現(xian)貨試點運行(xing)情(qing)況(kuang)，進一步優化(hua)新能(neng)源參與(yu)電(dian)力市場機制

作為全國第一(yi)批(pi)現(xian)貨(huo)試點，山西、甘(gan)肅在(zai)推進新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)參與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場方(fang)面先行(xing)先試、積極探索(suo)，基本(ben)形成了可執行(xing)的現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場規則體(ti)系，市(shi)(shi)場優化配(pei)置資(zi)源(yuan)的效果(guo)初步(bu)顯(xian)現(xian)。隨(sui)著(zhu)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場長周(zhou)期結(jie)算試運(yun)行(xing)，也(ye)逐(zhu)步(bu)暴露出(chu)一(yi)些(xie)問(wen)題，如新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)中長期交(jiao)易(yi)機(ji)制不夠(gou)靈活(huo)、現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場峰谷價差過(guo)低(di)、超(chao)額(e)收益回收機(ji)制不夠(gou)完善、用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)參與(yu)度不高等(deng)，新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)企業普遍反映參與(yu)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場后(hou)度電(dian)收益下(xia)降。建議在(zai)現(xian)有市(shi)(shi)場框架(jia)下(xia)，堅持問(wen)題導向，進一(yi)步(bu)完善山西、甘(gan)肅新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)參與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場的配(pei)套機(ji)制，如增加(jia)旬、周(zhou)等(deng)交(jiao)易(yi)頻次(ci)來提升中長期交(jiao)易(yi)靈活(huo)性、適當放寬現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場限價和(he)超(chao)額(e)收益回收機(ji)制觸(chu)發(fa)門檻、分(fen)類分(fen)批(pi)推動用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)參與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場等(deng)，邊運(yun)行(xing)、邊完善、邊總結(jie)，同時加(jia)強市(shi)(shi)場運(yun)行(xing)監(jian)控與(yu)風險(xian)防范，爭取今年實現(xian)不間斷連續結(jie)算試運(yun)行(xing)，為其(qi)他地區提供可借(jie)鑒的成功經驗。

充分吸收借鑒國外先進經驗，提出我國新(xin)能源參與電力市場(chang)頂層設計(ji)方案

從(cong)全世界范(fan)(fan)圍來看，在新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展初期，許多(duo)(duo)國(guo)家通(tong)過固定上(shang)網電價機(ji)(ji)制、溢價補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)機(ji)(ji)制、可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)額制、綠(lv)證(zheng)等(deng)政策(ce)鼓勵新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)產業發(fa)展，基本是以保障性消(xiao)納為主，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化機(ji)(ji)制為輔(fu)，不斷提(ti)升(sheng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)中的競爭力(li)(li)。隨著(zhu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快速(su)發(fa)展、競爭力(li)(li)不斷提(ti)升(sheng)，政府逐漸減少補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)，推(tui)動其平價甚至低(di)價上(shang)網。此外(wai)，國(guo)外(wai)還(huan)在完善電量偏差處理機(ji)(ji)制、調峰調頻及輔(fu)助服務機(ji)(ji)制，推(tui)動新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在更大市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)范(fan)(fan)圍內消(xiao)納等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)進行了(le)很多(duo)(duo)探索和實踐(jian)，積累(lei)了(le)很多(duo)(duo)寶貴(gui)經驗。目(mu)前來看，這(zhe)些都基本符(fu)合我國(guo)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展的趨(qu)勢(shi)及路徑選擇，國(guo)外(wai)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)參(can)與電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的經驗對(dui)我國(guo)具有(you)很強的借鑒意(yi)義。建議充分吸收借鑒國(guo)外(wai)成熟(shu)經驗，提(ti)出(chu)一(yi)套(tao)符(fu)合我國(guo)基本國(guo)情、統籌考慮多(duo)(duo)元目(mu)標、具有(you)可操作(zuo)性的新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)參(can)與電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)頂層設計方(fang)案(an)(an)和實施(shi)方(fang)案(an)(an)。

充分(fen)考(kao)慮新(xin)能源出力(li)特(te)性(xing)，穩妥有序推動其參與全國統一電力(li)市場體系

新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)優(you)缺點(dian)都(dou)十(shi)分突出，在電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)環境下(xia)，低變(bian)動成(cheng)本使其(qi)在競價中(zhong)占有絕對(dui)優(you)勢，但新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)受天氣變(bian)化(hua)影響顯(xian)著，其(qi)波(bo)動性(xing)、隨機性(xing)、間歇性(xing)等(deng)特點(dian)決定了(le)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在年度、月(yue)度交易(yi)中(zhong)簽(qian)訂帶(dai)曲線(xian)的(de)(de)中(zhong)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)合同(tong)難度很(hen)大，但現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)運行(xing)又要求必須(xu)對(dui)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)合約進行(xing)結算(suan)曲線(xian)分解(jie)，以便(bian)與(yu)(yu)現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)有效銜(xian)接。局(ju)部新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)出力(li)難以滿足購電(dian)(dian)需求物理合約曲線(xian)，這決定了(le)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)必須(xu)在更大市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)范圍內統一(yi)優(you)化(hua)配置(zhi)，納入全(quan)國統一(yi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)體(ti)系是(shi)未來發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)必然趨(qu)勢。建議在全(quan)國統一(yi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)交易(yi)機制設(she)計(ji)中(zhong)，一(yi)方面要充(chong)(chong)分考慮(lv)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)波(bo)動性(xing)、不確定性(xing)、低邊際(ji)成(cheng)本等(deng)特點(dian)，研究(jiu)建立適(shi)應新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)參與(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)多時間尺度的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、縮短交易(yi)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)，加(jia)快推動各省級電(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)建設(she)，鼓勵(li)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)參與(yu)(yu)現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，做好(hao)優(you)先發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)保障和(he)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)交易(yi)的(de)(de)銜(xian)接；另一(yi)方面要通過(guo)合理的(de)(de)投(tou)資保障機制，調動靈活調節性(xing)資源(yuan)(yuan)（特別是(shi)抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)）投(tou)資積極性(xing)，通過(guo)運行(xing)階段(duan)規(gui)則設(she)計(ji)充(chong)(chong)分調動靈活性(xing)調節資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)潛力(li)，保障電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統長(chang)期(qi)(qi)安(an)全(quan)可(ke)靠運行(xing)。

加快調峰、調頻(pin)等輔助服(fu)務市場建設(she)，支撐高比例大規模新(xin)能(neng)源參與電力(li)市場

輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)是保障以新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源為主體的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安全穩定(ding)(ding)高(gao)效(xiao)運行的(de)(de)基礎。目前(qian)我國(guo)各地的(de)(de)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)大多(duo)處(chu)于初(chu)步(bu)(bu)開(kai)展(zhan)和探索的(de)(de)狀態，在緩解電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)峰壓(ya)力(li)及新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源消納方面已初(chu)具成(cheng)效(xiao)，但(dan)成(cheng)本疏導和分攤(tan)機制尚不(bu)清晰、亟(ji)待完善(shan)。建議優化調(diao)峰、調(diao)頻等(deng)現有(you)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)，創新(xin)(xin)開(kai)展(zhan)備用(yong)、爬坡響應(ying)、系(xi)(xi)統(tong)慣(guan)性(xing)等(deng)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)品種設計，促(cu)進系(xi)(xi)統(tong)靈(ling)(ling)活(huo)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)提升。引(yin)導和培育更多(duo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主體參與(yu)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，鼓勵抽(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)、新(xin)(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)、虛(xu)擬(ni)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、需求(qiu)響應(ying)等(deng)新(xin)(xin)興市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主體發揮自(zi)身靈(ling)(ling)活(huo)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)，通過(guo)(guo)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)獲取合(he)理收益，實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運行效(xiao)率更高(gao)、運行成(cheng)本更低。推(tui)動輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)與(yu)現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)有(you)序銜接、融合(he)發展(zhan)，通過(guo)(guo)現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)價格信(xin)號(hao)引(yin)導市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主體積極參與(yu)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。按照“誰(shui)受(shou)益，誰(shui)承擔”的(de)(de)原則(ze)，進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)完善(shan)用(yong)戶側市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主體分攤(tan)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)費(fei)用(yong)機制，為逐步(bu)(bu)健(jian)全輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)體系(xi)(xi)奠定(ding)(ding)基礎。

做好新(xin)能(neng)源參(can)與電(dian)(dian)力市場與可再生能(neng)源配額制(zhi)、綠色電(dian)(dian)力交易等其他(ta)政策工具，市場機制(zhi)有(you)效銜接與協同(tong)，逐步建立以新(xin)能(neng)源為主體的(de)新(xin)型、統一、綠色的(de)電(dian)(dian)力市場發(fa)展路(lu)徑

當前我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)改革與全國(guo)碳(tan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)建(jian)設、可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)配額(e)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)、綠色電(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)等都處(chu)在穩(wen)步推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)、逐漸完善的過程(cheng)(cheng)。要充分發(fa)揮(hui)這些市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)機制、政策(ce)工具的優(you)勢互補作用，從市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)之間相互促進(jin)(jin)(jin)、協(xie)(xie)同(tong)激勵(li)的角度出(chu)發(fa)，最(zui)終構(gou)建(jian)以新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主體(ti)(ti)的新型(xing)、統一(yi)、綠色電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)。建(jian)議超前謀劃，及早部署研(yan)究面向新型(xing)、統一(yi)、綠色電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)協(xie)(xie)同(tong)運行為(wei)最(zui)終目(mu)標的分階段市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)形態演化(hua)(hua)模式、市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)之間協(xie)(xie)同(tong)運行所具備的政策(ce)及機制條件、推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)多市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)之間協(xie)(xie)調(diao)運行的演進(jin)(jin)(jin)路(lu)徑與關(guan)鍵舉措(cuo)等重大課題，逐步建(jian)立以新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主體(ti)(ti)的新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)路(lu)徑，推(tui)動我國(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)低碳(tan)轉型(xing)，助力碳(tan)達(da)峰(feng)、碳(tan)中和(he)目(mu)標的實現。近期可考慮試點建(jian)立綠色電(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)機制和(he)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，充分發(fa)揮(hui)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)在促進(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)保障綠色電(dian)(dian)力生產消費過程(cheng)(cheng)中的作用，充分反(fan)映綠色電(dian)(dian)力的環(huan)境價值(zhi)，統籌激勵(li)、引導需求側和(he)供給側積極性(xing)，促進(jin)(jin)(jin)包括新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在內的綠色能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快(kuai)速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

注：本文刊載于《中國電力企業管理》2021年06期，作者單位：中國南方電網有限責任公司改革發展研究中心。