——訪中關村儲能產業技術聯盟(CNESA)秘書長劉為
面對未來大(da)規模新能(neng)(neng)源接(jie)入和消納,儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)與新能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)、電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統協調優化運行已(yi)成為實現“雙碳(tan)”目標的(de)必由之(zhi)路。今年以(yi)來,我國(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)源主管(guan)部門密集(ji)出(chu)臺(tai)了(le)一(yi)系(xi)列(lie)有關(guan)(guan)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)的(de)利好政策,進一(yi)步明確了(le)新型儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)的(de)發展(zhan)目標,儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)行業的(de)應用場景正在不(bu)斷拓(tuo)展(zhan)。近日(ri),國(guo)(guo)家發展(zhan)改(gai)革委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)家能(neng)(neng)源局發布關(guan)(guan)于對《電(dian)化學儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站安(an)全管(guan)理暫行辦法(征求意見稿)》首(shou)次規定(ding)了(le)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站的(de)安(an)全管(guan)理,提出(chu)了(le)針(zhen)對儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)特點的(de)一(yi)些(xie)新制度設計。那么,目前產業整體發展(zhan)情況如何?存在哪些(xie)問(wen)題亟待解決?記(ji)者近日(ri)專訪了(le)中關(guan)(guan)村(cun)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)產業技術聯盟(以(yi)下簡稱“CNESA”)秘書長劉(liu)為,請她就(jiu)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)問(wen)題進行解答。
儲能是實現“雙碳”目標的助推器
記者:您(nin)如何看待儲能(neng)和“雙(shuang)碳”目標之間(jian)的(de)關(guan)系?
劉為:碳(tan)(tan)達峰、碳(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)是一場(chang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)革命。實現“雙碳(tan)(tan)”目標的(de)(de)過程中(zhong),可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)將(jiang)從(cong)補充能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)變(bian)為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),化(hua)(hua)石能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)將(jiang)從(cong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)變(bian)為輔助能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。與(yu)化(hua)(hua)石能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相(xiang)適(shi)(shi)應(ying)的(de)(de)以集中(zhong)式為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)電(dian)力系(xi)統將(jiang)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)以集中(zhong)式和(he)(he)(he)(he)分布式相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)、適(shi)(shi)合于分散(san)式可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)、以新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體的(de)(de)新型電(dian)力系(xi)統,這(zhe)將(jiang)推動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產、消費、技(ji)術和(he)(he)(he)(he)體制的(de)(de)深刻變(bian)革,儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是這(zhe)場(chang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)革命的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵支撐技(ji)術。與(yu)此同時,《在(zai)中(zhong)華(hua)人民(min)共和(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)國(guo)民(min)經濟和(he)(he)(he)(he)社會發展第十四個五(wu)年(nian)規劃和(he)(he)(he)(he)2035年(nian)遠景目標綱要(yao)》中(zhong)也明(ming)確(que)指出加強(qiang)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網荷儲銜接,提升清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納和(he)(he)(he)(he)存儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力,加快抽(chou)水蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)站建設和(he)(he)(he)(he)新型儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術規模(mo)化(hua)(hua)應(ying)用(yong),進一步明(ming)確(que)了儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)戰略定位。
與此同(tong)時,儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)發(fa)、輸(shu)(shu)、配、用(yong)(yong)各個環節都可(ke)以發(fa)揮巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong):在(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)端(duan),儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)可(ke)以將間歇、不穩定(ding)、不可(ke)控(kong)的(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源變為連續、穩定(ding)、可(ke)控(kong)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源,也可(ke)以通過輔(fu)助動態(tai)運(yun)行(xing)和(he)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組共同(tong)按(an)照調度的(de)(de)要求調整輸(shu)(shu)出的(de)(de)大(da)(da)小,盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)地減小火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組輸(shu)(shu)出的(de)(de)波動范圍,讓火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組在(zai)(zai)(zai)接近經濟狀態(tai)下(xia)運(yun)行(xing);在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)側(ce),儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)可(ke)以實現削峰填谷(gu),以及調頻、調壓等功(gong)能(neng)(neng),保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)安全穩定(ding)運(yun)行(xing);在(zai)(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)戶側(ce),工商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶可(ke)以通過儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)實現峰谷(gu)價(jia)差套(tao)利,從而降(jiang)低用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)成本,有(you)效(xiao)地降(jiang)低容量費(fei)用(yong)(yong),提高(gao)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠性,提升(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量。
電化學儲能和鋰離子電池累計裝機突破10吉瓦
記者:目前,全球電化學儲能(neng)發展的整體(ti)情況是怎樣的?
劉為(wei):根(gen)據(ju)CNESA全(quan)球(qiu)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)項(xiang)目(mu)庫的(de)(de)(de)不完全(quan)統(tong)計(ji),截至2020年底,全(quan)球(qiu)新增(zeng)投運電(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)規(gui)模為(wei)4.7吉瓦,電(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)累計(ji)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)規(gui)模為(wei)14.2吉瓦,累計(ji)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)同比增(zeng)長49.6%。在各類電(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)技(ji)術中,鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)累計(ji)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)規(gui)模最(zui)大(da),占比92%,為(wei)13.1吉瓦,電(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)和鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)累計(ji)規(gui)模均首次突破10吉瓦大(da)關。中國(guo)、美國(guo)、歐洲是儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)發展的(de)(de)(de)主要地區,中國(guo)由于疫情控制較(jiao)好,在項(xiang)目(mu)布局進度上受影響相對(dui)較(jiao)小,引領(ling)了全(quan)球(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)發展。
記者(zhe):我(wo)國儲能產業(ye)發展(zhan)情況(kuang)如(ru)何(he)?
劉為(wei):我國已(yi)投(tou)運儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)項目累計裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)規模(mo)為(wei)35.6吉(ji)瓦(包括抽(chou)蓄(xu)、壓縮空氣、熔融(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)熱),占(zhan)全球18.6%,新增3.2吉(ji)瓦,同比增長9.8%。其中,抽(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)累計裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)31.8吉(ji)瓦,裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)占(zhan)比降(jiang)至89.3%,下降(jiang)了(le)(le)1.2個百分點,首次低(di)于(yu)90%。2020年,我國新增投(tou)運電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)項目裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)規模(mo)為(wei)1.56吉(ji)瓦,電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)累計裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)規模(mo)為(wei)3.3吉(ji)瓦,累計裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)同比增長91.2%;電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)快速,其中鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池占(zhan)比88.8%,為(wei)2.9吉(ji)瓦。在(zai)多(duo)省份鼓(gu)勵可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)配置儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)政(zheng)策環(huan)境下,新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)側的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)應用貢獻了(le)(le)大部(bu)分儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji),2020年可以定義為(wei)真正意義上的(de)(de)“儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)規模(mo)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)元年”。
產業規模化發展仍面臨多重障礙
記(ji)者:目前,產業規模化發展面臨(lin)哪些難題?
劉為:過去(qu)十(shi)年(nian)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)經歷了快速(su)(su)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan),目前(qian)正處于商業(ye)化、規模化應用(yong)的(de)初期,仍面(mian)臨發(fa)展(zhan)過程中的(de)諸多(duo)挑戰:首先在(zai)技(ji)術(shu)層面(mian),各(ge)類主(zhu)流儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)仍在(zai)快速(su)(su)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)過程中,規模、成本、壽(shou)命方(fang)面(mian)還(huan)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)完(wan)全(quan)滿足應用(yong)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu),需要(yao)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步降本、提質、增效(xiao);其次,儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)品的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)和標(biao)準體系(xi)仍需繼續(xu)(xu)完(wan)善,安(an)(an)全(quan)是儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)可持(chi)續(xu)(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)基本底(di)限,應該從(cong)技(ji)術(shu)、產(chan)(chan)品創(chuang)新和安(an)(an)全(quan)標(biao)準、評價(jia)(jia)體系(xi)等方(fang)面(mian)突(tu)破為產(chan)(chan)業(ye)安(an)(an)全(quan)發(fa)展(zhan)保(bao)駕護航;再次,儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)主(zhu)體地位還(huan)需進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步落實(shi),市(shi)場(chang)交易、調(diao)度(du)和結算體系(xi)還(huan)難以與(yu)之(zhi)匹配,最(zui)后,市(shi)場(chang)尚未建立起穩定、成熟的(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)商業(ye)模式,同時(shi)缺乏長(chang)效(xiao)的(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)成本分擔與(yu)疏導機制,市(shi)場(chang)存在(zai)低價(jia)(jia)惡性(xing)競爭、政策風(feng)險、投資風(feng)險等不(bu)利因(yin)素影響行業(ye)長(chang)遠發(fa)展(zhan)。
安全是產業可持續發展的前提條件
記者:對于產業未來發展您有哪些(xie)建議(yi)?
劉(liu)為:面對當前(qian)產業的共性問題,我們建議:
一是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)規(gui)(gui)劃引(yin)導,優(you)(you)化(hua)產業布(bu)局。新版儲能(neng)指(zhi)導意見明確了“十四五”儲能(neng)發(fa)(fa)展目標,助推產業進(jin)入快速(su)規(gui)(gui)模化(hua)發(fa)(fa)展新階(jie)段,亟需國(guo)家層面統籌各方出臺儲能(neng)專項規(gui)(gui)劃,通過加(jia)強(qiang)管理(li)和引(yin)導,有(you)效(xiao)規(gui)(gui)范行(xing)業管理(li),優(you)(you)化(hua)產業布(bu)局,提升(sheng)儲能(neng)系統的使(shi)用效(xiao)率,避免行(xing)業無序(xu)發(fa)(fa)展。
二(er)是加(jia)(jia)強行業自律,推動安全(quan)(quan)應(ying)用(yong)。首先,明確儲能項目的(de)管(guan)理責(ze)(ze)任和主體責(ze)(ze)任,加(jia)(jia)強對儲能系統的(de)安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理,不(bu)斷(duan)更新完善相關(guan)標準和規范(fan)。其次儲能企業應(ying)嚴格把關(guan)技術質量,從(cong)技術、產(chan)品層面把安全(quan)(quan)這個核心點做扎實,杜絕出現影響行業發展的(de)重大事故(gu)。
三是建(jian)立長(chang)效機制(zhi),促進成(cheng)(cheng)本疏(shu)(shu)導(dao)。做好前瞻性規(gui)劃研(yan)究,避免(mian)資源(yuan)無效配(pei)置;落實(shi)配(pei)套支(zhi)持政策,推(tui)動儲(chu)能(neng)與可再生能(neng)源(yuan)協同(tong)發(fa)展。研(yan)究制(zhi)定新型儲(chu)能(neng)價格機制(zhi)。同(tong)時(shi),推(tui)動建(jian)立市場化長(chang)效機制(zhi)和(he)全局衡量的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)價格機制(zhi),實(shi)現“綠(lv)色價值”的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本疏(shu)(shu)導(dao)。