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近十多年，我國數字經濟持續增長。2019年數字經濟對GDP增長的貢獻率達到67.7%，成為驅動我國經濟增長的核心力量。數據中心是集中儲存和處理數據的設施，是科技創新與技術應用的實體，是數字經濟發展的基石。網民數量與移動流量的迅猛增長，大數據與人工智能對數據存儲和計算的巨大需求，共同推動了我國數據中心規模化增長。數據中心用電負荷巨大，部分用電負荷具有時間和空間上的可控性。充分利用數據中心用電負荷特性，使數據中心從“黑色”能源的消費者，轉變為“綠色”可再生能源的產消者和驅動者大有可為。

數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)心(xin)數(shu)(shu)量與機(ji)架數(shu)(shu)量劇增(zeng)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)需求增(zeng)長(chang)迅猛。截至2018年底，我國(guo)(guo)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)心(xin)總(zong)量已超(chao)過40萬(wan)個(ge)，大(da)型(xing)及以上數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)總(zong)機(ji)架數(shu)(shu)達(da)204萬(wan)個(ge)。預計2020年和2025年，大(da)型(xing)及以上數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)心(xin)機(ji)架數(shu)(shu)量將分(fen)別達(da)到498萬(wan)和802萬(wan)個(ge)。數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)心(xin)數(shu)(shu)量及機(ji)架數(shu)(shu)量的(de)大(da)幅增(zeng)加，將導致數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)心(xin)電(dian)(dian)力(li)需求不(bu)斷增(zeng)長(chang)。2018年我國(guo)(guo)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)心(xin)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)量為1,609億(yi)(yi)千瓦時(shi)，占全(quan)社(she)會(hui)總(zong)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量的(de)2.35%。預計2020年用(yong)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)量將達(da)2,023億(yi)(yi)千瓦時(shi)，占全(quan)社(she)會(hui)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)量的(de)2.7%；2030年將突(tu)破(po)4,000億(yi)(yi)千瓦時(shi)，占全(quan)社(she)會(hui)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)量的(de)3.7%。

今年(nian)以來，突(tu)(tu)如(ru)其(qi)來的(de)新冠肺炎疫情，使數(shu)字技術(shu)、數(shu)字產(chan)業和數(shu)字服務(wu)在(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)運行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)要作用更加突(tu)(tu)出(chu)。快速發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)數(shu)字經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)在(zai)很大程(cheng)度上(shang)對(dui)沖了新冠疫情的(de)負(fu)面影響。分(fen)析表明，后(hou)疫情時代，人們(men)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)活方(fang)式(shi)將發(fa)生(sheng)深刻變化(hua)。數(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)心建設(she)既(ji)是已經(jing)(jing)啟動的(de)大規模“新基建”計劃(hua)的(de)重(zhong)要內(nei)容，也將成為經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)長(chang)遠發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)要支撐。可以預見，數(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)數(shu)量將遠超原有的(de)預測(ce)水平，數(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)心能耗將爆發(fa)性(xing)增長(chang)。

數據(ju)中(zhong)心應加大清(qing)潔低(di)(di)碳用(yong)電(dian)(dian)步伐，引領能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)。數據(ju)中(zhong)心在(zai)使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)過程中(zhong)，會產生(sheng)(sheng)大量污染物排放(fang)。2011年以來，國際互聯(lian)網(wang)行(xing)業(ye)通過投資建設可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)站、從可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)直接購電(dian)(dian)等方式，正逐步向“100%可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)（使用(yong)）目標(biao)”邁進。我(wo)國互聯(lian)網(wang)科技(ji)已處(chu)于世界領先地，但是該行(xing)業(ye)尚未形成(cheng)大規(gui)模利用(yong)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力的(de)趨勢。2018年可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力在(zai)我(wo)國數據(ju)中(zhong)心行(xing)業(ye)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)占比為(wei)23%，低(di)(di)于全社(she)會26.5%可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)水平。我(wo)國數據(ju)中(zhong)心行(xing)業(ye)應改變用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方式，加快清(qing)潔低(di)(di)碳用(yong)電(dian)(dian)步伐，應成(cheng)為(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)密集型(xing)(xing)行(xing)業(ye)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)的(de)典范。

由于我國(guo)分布式(shi)能源、微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、局域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)接入大電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)還(huan)存在諸多困(kun)難(nan)，加之我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場建設滯后以及“綠色(se)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)”交(jiao)易剛剛起步，數據(ju)(ju)中心缺乏采購可再生能源的制度(du)安排和(he)商業渠(qu)道，因此(ci)，國(guo)際機構(gou)在估計我國(guo)數據(ju)(ju)中心的污染物(wu)排放時往(wang)往(wang)認(ren)定其主要使用(yong)了燃煤火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。據(ju)(ju)此(ci)測(ce)算，2018年(nian)我國(guo)數據(ju)(ju)中心火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)使用(yong)量約為(wei)1,171.81億(yi)千瓦(wa)時，帶來了4,687噸(dun)(dun)煙塵，23,436噸(dun)(dun)二(er)氧(yang)化硫，22,264噸(dun)(dun)氮氧(yang)化物(wu)以及9,855萬噸(dun)(dun)二(er)氧(yang)化碳等(deng)污染物(wu)排放。

數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心部分(fen)電力負(fu)荷的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空可控性(xing)，有(you)利(li)于促進(jin)可再(zai)生(sheng)能源消納。數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心工作負(fu)載具(ju)(ju)有(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)。數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心處(chu)理的(de)信(xin)息數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，取決于用戶(hu)的(de)網絡使用行為(wei)，具(ju)(ju)有(you)較大(da)的(de)隨機性(xing)和不確定(ding)性(xing)。但是，數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)批(pi)處(chu)理數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)只(zhi)要(yao)在規定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)內處(chu)理完畢即可，非實時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任務(wu)可以適當轉移或者延遲處(chu)理。換言之，數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心這些工作負(fu)載在時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)上具(ju)(ju)有(you)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)。與此同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心工作負(fu)載還具(ju)(ju)有(you)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)。

同(tong)一云(yun)服(fu)務提(ti)供商，可在多(duo)地(di)(di)擁有數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心，各數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心之間通過光纖等傳輸設備，實現異地(di)(di)數(shu)(shu)據和工(gong)作負(fu)載轉移。數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心工(gong)作負(fu)載在時間和空(kong)(kong)間上(shang)的靈活性，反映在其用電特性方面就是電力負(fu)荷的時空(kong)(kong)可控性。從這(zhe)種意義上(shang)講，數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心能夠根(gen)據電力調度中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心的需要，主動進行需求響(xiang)應，乃至發揮(hui)“虛(xu)擬電廠”的功效。

數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)用電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)的時空可控(kong)性，為(wei)(wei)其(qi)促(cu)進我國西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)風（光）電(dian)(dian)等間歇性可再生能源(yuan)消納(na)提供了重要條件。在(zai)我國，集中(zhong)(zhong)式(shi)風電(dian)(dian)、光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)等可再生能源(yuan)多(duo)(duo)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)，而(er)互聯網、大數(shu)(shu)據(ju)、人工智能等產業多(duo)(duo)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)東部(bu)(bu)。數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)在(zai)時間維度上轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)負(fu)載(zai)，可以為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)提供調(diao)峰、調(diao)頻等服(fu)(fu)務等輔(fu)助服(fu)(fu)務；在(zai)空間維度上優化調(diao)控(kong)負(fu)荷(he)，可以推進數(shu)(shu)據(ju)算(suan)力(li)跨區域流通，實(shi)現“東數(shu)(shu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)算(suan)”，從而(er)增加“西(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)東送”通道的可再生能源(yuan)輸(shu)送能力(li)。例如，如果對東部(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)個30兆(zhao)瓦的數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)負(fu)荷(he)進行時空調(diao)控(kong)，將其(qi)三分(fen)之一(yi)(yi)的批處(chu)理負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)至西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)處(chu)理，就可以在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)地區可再生能源(yuan)富余時段為(wei)(wei)其(qi)騰出的10兆(zhao)瓦“西(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)東送”通道容量。

強化頂層設計，營造良好政策氛圍。一要提(ti)高(gao)認識(shi)。能源轉型(xing)是黨的十九(jiu)大(da)(da)加快(kuai)生(sheng)態文(wen)明體制改(gai)革、建設美(mei)麗(li)中國重大(da)(da)方略的具體要求，是履行《巴黎協定》中我國碳減排承諾的重要途徑。數(shu)據中心(xin)巨(ju)大(da)(da)能耗問題應引起高(gao)度關注，應提(ti)高(gao)對(dui)數(shu)據中心(xin)與能源轉型(xing)關系的認識(shi)。

好的制(zhi)(zhi)度設(she)計可以使數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)這一耗(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)大戶(hu)由能(neng)(neng)源轉型的威脅(xie)者，變為能(neng)(neng)源轉型的推動者。二要堅(jian)持(chi)問(wen)題導向(xiang)和(he)(he)目(mu)標導向(xiang)，盡快建(jian)立有利于(yu)數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)發揮(hui)作用的電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)機制(zhi)(zhi)。應擴(kuo)大可再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源市場(chang)化(hua)交易(yi)(yi)機制(zhi)(zhi)試點，將數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)納(na)入其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)；應深入探討數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)輔(fu)助(zhu)服務、跨省區能(neng)(neng)源優化(hua)和(he)(he)現貨(huo)交易(yi)(yi)等(deng)理(li)論問(wen)題和(he)(he)市場(chang)規則問(wen)題；著手(shou)開展數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)有效融入電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)的示范(fan)應用工(gong)作。三要有效發揮(hui)政府作用。應將數(shu)(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)可再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源使用與能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)總量(liang)和(he)(he)強(qiang)(qiang)度“雙控”目(mu)標掛鉤；應加強(qiang)(qiang)分布式能(neng)(neng)源、微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、局域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)接(jie)入大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的專項監管(guan)。