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經(jing)過2017~2019年(nian)(nian)3年(nian)(nian)的(de)準(zhun)備，我(wo)國8個電力(li)現貨試點地區于2019年(nian)(nian)四季度(du)開(kai)始(shi)進入全面短(duan)期試結算(suan)(suan)階段(duan)。雖然短(duan)期的(de)試結算(suan)(suan)暴露了(le)市(shi)場設計、技術支持系統、配套(tao)制度(du)等多方面的(de)問題(ti)，但是實操的(de)成果已經(jing)驗證了(le)電力(li)現貨市(shi)場替代計劃(hua)調(diao)度(du)制度(du)在我(wo)國的(de)可行性(xing)，國外市(shi)場的(de)通行規律在我(wo)國并沒有顯得“水土不服”。

根(gen)據相關工作安(an)排，在(zai)(zai)即將(jiang)到來的2020年(nian)四季(ji)度，不出意外8個電力現(xian)貨試點地區將(jiang)進入長(chang)周期(qi)(qi)試結(jie)(jie)算(suan)運行(xing)(xing)，對于山東等已經走完省(sheng)內(nei)行(xing)(xing)政授權程序(xu)的省(sheng)份(fen)可能將(jiang)不間斷持續(xu)運行(xing)(xing)下去(qu)，其他省(sheng)份(fen)也將(jiang)開展連續(xu)1月(yue)或連續(xu)2月(yue)的長(chang)周期(qi)(qi)試結(jie)(jie)算(suan)運行(xing)(xing)。成績讓(rang)人振奮，然而長(chang)周期(qi)(qi)試結(jie)(jie)算(suan)的隱(yin)患也逐漸被業內(nei)認知：盡管電力現(xian)貨市場本身不存在(zai)(zai)大的問題，但是(shi)配套(tao)制度修改滯后可能讓(rang)長(chang)周期(qi)(qi)試結(jie)(jie)算(suan)“功敗垂成”。

現行優先發用電制度與電力現貨市場建設存在不協調的問題

現行(xing)優先發用電(dian)制度設計(ji)主要目的(de)(de)(de)有(you)三個，一是(shi)保證(zheng)居(ju)民、農業(ye)(ye)和公(gong)益性(xing)事業(ye)(ye)等享受(shou)交叉(cha)補貼(tie)的(de)(de)(de)用戶(hu)用電(dian)價(jia)格水平不(bu)發生(sheng)改變(bian)；二是(shi)保證(zheng)國家指令(ling)計(ji)劃和政府間協議的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)行(xing)，例(li)如保證(zheng)遠程輸(shu)送的(de)(de)(de)大型水電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)投資收(shou)益、保證(zheng)電(dian)網遠程輸(shu)送通(tong)道的(de)(de)(de)利(li)用率(lv)；三是(shi)保證(zheng)電(dian)源(yuan)側行(xing)業(ye)(ye)政策的(de)(de)(de)延(yan)續性(xing)，例(li)如保障(zhang)可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)全額保障(zhang)性(xing)收(shou)購(gou)，保障(zhang)核(he)電(dian)不(bu)發生(sheng)核(he)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)浪費；四是(shi)保障(zhang)涉及民生(sheng)政策的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)暖不(bu)受(shou)市場影響(xiang)，以及高(gao)效利(li)用燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)熱電(dian)聯產(chan)(chan)機組生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。

為實現(xian)上述目的(de)，現(xian)行(xing)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制度(du)的(de)具體操作主要(yao)采取下述措施(shi)，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)居民、農業和公益性事(shi)業，采用繼(ji)續執(zhi)行(xing)原(yuan)來的(de)目錄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，且對(dui)(dui)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線不(bu)進(jin)行(xing)任何約束的(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)；對(dui)(dui)于(yu)國家指令計劃和政府間協(xie)議(yi)，仍(reng)然執(zhi)行(xing)原(yuan)有的(de)購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)協(xie)議(yi)，國調確(que)保一年內(nei)總輸送(song)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)變，保價(jia)由受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)地區消納，不(bu)論是否(fou)接入(ru)送(song)端交流網，均優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)使用輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)；對(dui)(dui)于(yu)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以外的(de)機組，非水可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等仍(reng)按照原(yuan)來計劃調度(du)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)“保價(jia)保量(liang)(liang)”收購，調節義務仍(reng)由其(qi)他(ta)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等機承(cheng)擔；對(dui)(dui)于(yu)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聯(lian)產機組供(gong)熱需要(yao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)，仍(reng)采用“保價(jia)保量(liang)(liang)”方(fang)(fang)式(shi)簽訂中長期合(he)同，優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)列入(ru)開機組合(he)。

可見，現(xian)(xian)行優(you)(you)先(xian)發(fa)用(yong)電(dian)制度實質上形成了(le)電(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)雙軌(gui)制結構，在以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)長期(qi)交(jiao)易為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)是沒有問題的(de)(de)(de)，因為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)長期(qi)交(jiao)易主要目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)是為(wei)了(le)規(gui)避風險和鎖定(ding)收益(yi)。而矛盾則主要出現(xian)(xian)在實際執行過程中(zhong)(zhong)，本該停留(liu)在規(gui)避風險和鎖定(ding)收益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)先(xian)發(fa)用(yong)電(dian)制度擴展到了(le)電(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨市場(chang)(chang)，將優(you)(you)先(xian)發(fa)用(yong)電(dian)設涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶和電(dian)源(yuan)繼(ji)續執行計(ji)劃調度，優(you)(you)先(xian)使(shi)用(yong)網絡通道。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要任務是發(fa)(fa)現(xian)價格(ge)和保(bao)(bao)證電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統平衡。從經濟學上講，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)依靠(kao)供(gong)需發(fa)(fa)現(xian)價格(ge)，供(gong)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實程(cheng)度決定了(le)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)價格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性，需要全部與電(dian)(dian)網連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備參加(jia)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)以保(bao)(bao)證供(gong)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實性。現(xian)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分用(yong)戶和電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)“不參與”，造成(cheng)了(le)供(gong)需關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)割裂(lie)，特別是在不參加(jia)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶電(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)和電(dian)(dian)源生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)不匹配的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，供(gong)需被扭曲的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度被放大，準確發(fa)(fa)現(xian)價格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“能力(li)(li)”無(wu)從談起。

從另一(yi)個角度(du)來(lai)看(kan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)在系(xi)統(tong)層面(mian)要形(xing)成經濟(ji)輸送和潮流的(de)(de)分配，無論優先(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)還是(shi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體(ti)(ti)，都(dou)要使(shi)用同(tong)一(yi)張電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，優先(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)主體(ti)(ti)無償優先(xian)(xian)(xian)占有了網絡的(de)(de)輸送能力，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)難于形(xing)成最(zui)優的(de)(de)經濟(ji)潮流，優化配置資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)能力大打折扣，好比一(yi)個鍋里吃飯(fan)，規則卻不一(yi)樣，難免出現(xian)優先(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)主體(ti)(ti)和市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體(ti)(ti)之間(jian)互相侵害利(li)益的(de)(de)事(shi)件(jian)。還要指出的(de)(de)是(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)機制是(shi)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)計(ji)劃(hua)調(diao)度(du)機制替(ti)代(dai)者，對于調(diao)度(du)機構(gou)來(lai)說，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行遵循統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)規則可(ke)(ke)以最(zui)有利(li)于保證系(xi)統(tong)安全穩定(ding)運(yun)行，“半市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、半計(ji)劃(hua)”的(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)方(fang)式必將(jiang)嚴重影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)。

雙軌制沖突的試結算案例

現行優(you)先發用(yong)電制(zhi)度(du)與電力(li)現貨市場建(jian)設存在不(bu)協調的問題，已經(jing)不(bu)是紙面上的爭論，在8個試(shi)點地區的短周期試(shi)結算過程中矛(mao)盾頻繁(fan)出現，以下三個事例不(bu)同程度(du)地說明了(le)重視優(you)先發用(yong)電制(zhi)度(du)“二次改(gai)革(ge)”的重要性。

例子1：優先發電不參與電力現貨市場影響短期試結算電費收支平衡

D省今年(nian)某(mou)月短期(qi)(qi)試結(jie)算(suan)4天，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)超過市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)組上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)中市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)1/3。由于外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)光(guang)(guang)和(he)(he)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)優(you)先(xian)占通道、優(you)先(xian)享受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)空間，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)組不(bu)(bu)(bu)但沒有得(de)益，還把自己的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)空間丟掉了(le)，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)實(shi)際上(shang)(shang)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)未參加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)光(guang)(guang)和(he)(he)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。該問題直接反(fan)映(ying)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)結(jie)算(suan)上(shang)(shang)就(jiu)是(shi)收(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)，即用(yong)戶支(zhi)付(fu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)以支(zhi)付(fu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)組和(he)(he)外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)光(guang)(guang)和(he)(he)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)應得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)。主(zhu)要(yao)原(yuan)因是(shi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)格(ge)較低，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)用(yong)戶按(an)照較低價(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使(shi)用(yong)外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)光(guang)(guang)和(he)(he)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)部分卻要(yao)按(an)照相對的(de)(de)(de)高價(jia)結(jie)算(suan)（優(you)先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)“保(bao)價(jia)”結(jie)算(suan)）。僅僅4天產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)收(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)就(jiu)達到了(le)近億(yi)元，按(an)照規則應當由外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)承擔(dan)超過一半(ban)，由省內風(feng)光(guang)(guang)和(he)(he)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)承擔(dan)接近一半(ban)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)收(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)結(jie)算(suan)能(neng)夠落實(shi)就(jiu)意(yi)味著(zhu)外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)光(guang)(guang)和(he)(he)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)質上(shang)(shang)參與(yu)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，這是(shi)與(yu)優(you)先(xian)發(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制度不(bu)(bu)(bu)協調的(de)(de)(de)；如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)收(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)結(jie)算(suan)無法落實(shi)，即“無過錯”的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)組不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)承擔(dan)優(you)先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)帶來的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)費(fei)用(yong)，那么(me)4天的(de)(de)(de)連續試結(jie)算(suan)就(jiu)成了(le)連續的(de)(de)(de)調電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試運(yun)行，如果按(an)此情(qing)況開展(zhan)長周期(qi)(qi)連續試結(jie)算(suan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)收(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)將呈量(liang)(liang)(liang)級(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)增長，出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)“大坑”誰來填？會不(bu)(bu)(bu)會再(zai)次(ci)上(shang)(shang)演(yan)十幾年(nian)前東北區域市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)由于不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)資(zi)金(jin)量(liang)(liang)(liang)過大而“停擺”的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故？

例子2：外來電參與現貨市場與水電棄水電量

G省(sheng)(sheng)外(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均為政府間(jian)協(xie)議(yi)(yi)，協(xie)議(yi)(yi)框架內按(an)照(zhao)G省(sheng)(sheng)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)結算(suan)，協(xie)議(yi)(yi)框架外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)按(an)照(zhao)Y省(sheng)(sheng)與G省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平均數(shu)結算(suan)。據有關部門計(ji)算(suan)，由于(yu)G省(sheng)(sheng)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)全部進(jin)入市(shi)場(chang)，綜合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)幅降低(di)，政府間(jian)協(xie)議(yi)(yi)造成G省(sheng)(sheng)每年多支(zhi)付超過50億元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)。特別(bie)是(shi)G省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場(chang)運(yun)行(xing)期間(jian)，低(di)谷價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)低(di)于(yu)0.1元(yuan)，低(di)谷時(shi)段出現(xian)(xian)了高價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向低(di)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)地(di)區流動的(de)(de)(de)(de)逆市(shi)場(chang)機制配置資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況。G省(sheng)(sheng)因此建議(yi)(yi)協(xie)議(yi)(yi)框架內繼續維持現(xian)(xian)狀，但(dan)是(shi)希望協(xie)議(yi)(yi)框架外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不(bu)再列為優先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)結算(suan)，建議(yi)(yi)從情感和(he)(he)經濟關系上(shang)(shang)是(shi)可以(yi)理解(jie)，并(bing)且站(zhan)得住腳。但(dan)是(shi)站(zhan)在Y省(sheng)(sheng)角度上(shang)(shang)看，G省(sheng)(sheng)低(di)谷價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)均價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)保持在0.1元(yuan)/千瓦時(shi)上(shang)(shang)下，扣掉近0.2元(yuan)/千瓦時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)網絡輸(shu)送費(fei)(fei)用，Y省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)獲得了一個低(di)谷的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，就要“掏錢(qian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”，對于(yu)以(yi)百億計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，損失難以(yi)接(jie)受。就算(suan)可以(yi)用中長期合同避險，由于(yu)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)和(he)(he)中長期交易價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)是(shi)“共振(zhen)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)，G省(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)不(bu)會(hui)放(fang)著便宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)谷現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)不(bu)要，支(zhi)付差價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)達到0.3元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“智商(shang)稅(shui)”。那么Y省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)會(hui)認(ren)為“可低(di)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)盡社會(hui)責任，不(bu)能掏錢(qian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”，結果可能會(hui)出現(xian)(xian)低(di)谷棄水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)上(shang)(shang)升，“向河(he)里倒牛奶”的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況真實發(fa)生。G省(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)Y省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)想法都有道(dao)理，孰(shu)是(shi)孰(shu)非是(shi)現(xian)(xian)行(xing)優先(xian)發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制度不(bu)能回答的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。然而，這種爭議(yi)(yi)直接(jie)影(ying)響了協(xie)議(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)進(jin)入G省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場(chang)，間(jian)接(jie)影(ying)響了G省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確性。

例子3：接入同一交流網的非省調機組繼續執行計劃調度，影響電力現貨市場出清結果

S省今年某月短期試結算期間，與其網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)相連網(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)機組(zu)仍然執行優先發電(dian)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)下的計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)調(diao)(diao)度(du)方式，由網(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)直(zhi)接(jie)給予出(chu)(chu)力(li)曲線。該機組(zu)的出(chu)(chu)力(li)與當地(di)電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)毫無(wu)關系，卻直(zhi)接(jie)對S省現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)出(chu)(chu)清(qing)、機組(zu)開停、潮(chao)流分布(bu)和節點電(dian)價計(ji)(ji)(ji)算產生(sheng)影響(xiang)(xiang)，受(shou)到市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體的廣(guang)泛質疑。網(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)和網(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)機組(zu)很委屈，認為“就(jiu)是按(an)照制度(du)在執行，沒有任何違反規章行為”，利益(yi)受(shou)損(sun)的該省調(diao)(diao)機組(zu)卻認為“同(tong)一(yi)張網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)，憑什(shen)么分三(san)六九等(deng)”，既然一(yi)張網(wang)(wang)(wang)，既然影響(xiang)(xiang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體利益(yi)，就(jiu)應(ying)該按(an)照一(yi)個(ge)規則處理，否則不能“愉快(kuai)地(di)一(yi)起(qi)游戲”。如果不同(tong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)關系的機組(zu)，持續影響(xiang)(xiang)S省內(nei)電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的運行，那么難免長周(zhou)期試結算會與計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)調(diao)(diao)度(du)矛盾，產生(sheng)不利因素。

除了上述例子(zi)，優先用(yong)電(dian)(dian)制度(du)(du)也對電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市場長周期(qi)試(shi)結(jie)算有影(ying)響，其中(zhong)比較突出的是“用(yong)電(dian)(dian)計劃的非(fei)強(qiang)制放開”——用(yong)戶在(zai)一(yi)定條件下可以回到(dao)優先用(yong)電(dian)(dian)制度(du)(du)，采(cai)用(yong)原有目(mu)錄電(dian)(dian)價(jia)結(jie)算。長此(ci)以往，一(yi)旦長周期(qi)試(shi)結(jie)算中(zhong)某些用(yong)戶利(li)益受(shou)損，便(bian)會(hui)立刻利(li)用(yong)這(zhe)一(yi)“方便(bian)之門”回到(dao)優先用(yong)電(dian)(dian)制度(du)(du)之下。

這些矛盾如不能解決，長(chang)周(zhou)期(qi)的電(dian)力(li)(li)現貨市場試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)工(gong)作(zuo)很容易會“踢(ti)到（配套制(zhi)度(du)的）鐵板”，恐(kong)怕我(wo)們難以(yi)聽到電(dian)力(li)(li)現貨市場長(chang)周(zhou)期(qi)試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)工(gong)作(zuo)順利開展的消息(xi)。

盡快推動優先發用電制度的“二次革命”

優先發用(yong)電(dian)制(zhi)度(du)與電(dian)力現(xian)貨市(shi)場機制(zhi)的(de)矛盾(dun)并(bing)非非此即(ji)彼，或者是應該立刻(ke)放棄發用(yong)電(dian)制(zhi)度(du)。極端的(de)改革措(cuo)施不(bu)符(fu)合我(wo)國漸進(jin)式改革的(de)一貫做法，如(ru)果現(xian)在放棄優先發用(yong)電(dian)制(zhi)度(du)，可(ke)能會造成(cheng)利益主體激烈的(de)反對(dui)，也可(ke)能影響我(wo)國產業政策的(de)落(luo)實，進(jin)而(er)影響到電(dian)力現(xian)貨市(shi)場的(de)建(jian)設。

從另一個角度來說，優先(xian)發(fa)(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)制度不(bu)(bu)但不(bu)(bu)應該放棄，反而應該配合電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)建(jian)設(she)的(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)進行完善(shan)(shan)，畢竟“全盤(pan)顛覆”不(bu)(bu)是電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)環(huan)境，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)建(jian)設(she)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)優先(xian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)制度的(de)進一步完善(shan)(shan)作為助力(li)(li)。優先(xian)發(fa)(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)制度應當限(xian)定其使用(yong)范圍在中長期市(shi)場(chang)內，這(zhe)樣(yang)就可(ke)以實現(xian)其為國家(jia)可(ke)再生(sheng)能源產業政(zheng)策(ce)和(he)民(min)生(sheng)政(zheng)策(ce)服務，彌(mi)補電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)無(wu)法考慮(lv)國家(jia)可(ke)再生(sheng)能源產業政(zheng)策(ce)和(he)民(min)生(sheng)政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)短(duan)板(ban)，又不(bu)(bu)直接影響電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)價格發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)功能和(he)目的(de)。因此，優先(xian)發(fa)(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)制度近(jin)期需(xu)要(yao)(yao)在以往基礎上進行“二次改(gai)革”。

一(yi)是優先(xian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)制(zhi)度可以(yi)過(guo)渡為政府(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)制(zhi)度在(zai)電(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)之外發(fa)(fa)揮作(zuo)用。政府(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)與優先(xian)發(fa)(fa)用電(dian)制(zhi)度不(bu)同(tong)(tong)之處在(zai)于，政府(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)不(bu)是分配(pei)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)指標，二(er)是通(tong)過(guo)經(jing)濟手段貫(guan)徹產(chan)業(ye)政策，政府(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)僅(jin)在(zai)電(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)外發(fa)(fa)揮作(zuo)用，不(bu)影響、不(bu)干涉電(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟潮流的(de)形成，各類型(xing)全部電(dian)量均需通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)得(de)以(yi)執行。政府(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)經(jing)授(shou)權(quan)，政府(fu)有關(guan)部門自身也不(bu)得(de)進(jin)行調整(zheng)和改變。政府(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)在(zai)執行過(guo)程(cheng)中，與其他市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化的(de)中長期合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)具有同(tong)(tong)等(deng)地位，通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)公平(ping)的(de)予以(yi)執行。

在世界范圍內，通(tong)過政(zheng)(zheng)府授(shou)權(quan)合同(tong)在中(zhong)長期(qi)(qi)交易領域進行宏觀調控的(de)案(an)例屢見(jian)不鮮。2018年(nian)，在電(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)已經(jing)建成十幾(ji)年(nian)的(de)新加坡，發(fa)電(dian)企業仍然得到(dao)了占(zhan)全部發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)25%的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)府授(shou)權(quan)合同(tong)，政(zheng)(zheng)府授(shou)權(quan)合同(tong)與中(zhong)長期(qi)(qi)市場(chang)(chang)交易合同(tong)性(xing)質相同(tong)，財務責任無差(cha)別進行交割。

在(zai)通過政(zheng)府(fu)授權合(he)同(tong)保障基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)濟利(li)益的(de)情況下，可(ke)再生(sheng)能源、核電(dian)均可(ke)進(jin)入電(dian)力現(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市場，國(guo)家(jia)指令計劃(hua)和政(zheng)府(fu)間協(xie)議也可(ke)“無縫銜接”轉化為(wei)中長期(qi)合(he)同(tong)，外來電(dian)即(ji)可(ke)進(jin)入電(dian)力現(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市場，承擔相應經(jing)濟責任。一(yi)方(fang)面電(dian)力現(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)市場由于供需的(de)真實(shi)性(xing)得(de)以(yi)保證，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了發現(xian)(xian)(xian)價(jia)格的(de)準確(que)性(xing)，另一(yi)方(fang)面各利(li)益主體符合(he)國(guo)家(jia)產業政(zheng)策的(de)既得(de)利(li)益也可(ke)以(yi)得(de)到基(ji)本(ben)保障。

二(er)是優先(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)“放(fang)(fang)開(kai)為主(zhu)、收(shou)(shou)放(fang)(fang)并舉”為原則(ze)執行。新電(dian)(dian)改五年(nian)以(yi)(yi)來，發(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)計(ji)劃(hua)放(fang)(fang)開(kai)均采用(yong)(yong)直接放(fang)(fang)開(kai)總量的方式(shi)進行，尚(shang)未出現將(jiang)市場(chang)(chang)化的電(dian)(dian)量重新納入優先(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)的案例。實際(ji)(ji)上，發(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)計(ji)劃(hua)放(fang)(fang)開(kai)的步驟完全(quan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)更加靈(ling)活，即優先(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)覆蓋的范(fan)圍可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)根據實際(ji)(ji)需要結合實際(ji)(ji)調整，放(fang)(fang)的不(bu)合適的可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)收(shou)(shou)回來，歷史上沒有在(zai)優先(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)覆蓋范(fan)圍內的，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)配合電(dian)(dian)力現貨市場(chang)(chang)建設，在(zai)一定時(shi)期(qi)再度納入進來。

例子(zi)2中G省(sheng)和Y省(sheng)的(de)爭議(yi)完全(quan)可以采用(yong)上(shang)述方(fang)法得到(dao)解決，G省(sheng)和Y省(sheng)之間(jian)的(de)協(xie)(xie)議(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量放開，可以采用(yong)先(xian)(xian)放開歷(li)史上(shang)協(xie)(xie)議(yi)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)方(fang)式(shi)進行，這樣由于(yu)歷(li)史上(shang)協(xie)(xie)議(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量有(you)高(gao)峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，也有(you)低(di)(di)(di)谷(gu)(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，高(gao)低(di)(di)(di)匹配能夠基(ji)本(ben)滿足成交價(jia)(jia)格(ge)水平不致發(fa)生(sheng)大幅降(jiang)低(di)(di)(di)；對(dui)于(yu)低(di)(di)(di)谷(gu)(gu)增(zeng)(zeng)送(song)的(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，雖(sui)然在歷(li)史上(shang)屬于(yu)協(xie)(xie)議(yi)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，一直(zhi)通(tong)過雙方(fang)協(xie)(xie)商的(de)“半市場化”方(fang)式(shi)存在，但是完全(quan)可以按照近三年(nian)均價(jia)(jia)列入(ru)優(you)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)合同，保證(zheng)G省(sheng)的(de)低(di)(di)(di)谷(gu)(gu)現貨價(jia)(jia)格(ge)暫時(shi)不與低(di)(di)(di)谷(gu)(gu)增(zeng)(zeng)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)中長期合同價(jia)(jia)格(ge)發(fa)生(sheng)共(gong)振。

優(you)先發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)度在G省和Y省案例中的“一(yi)放一(yi)收”，一(yi)方(fang)面可(ke)以(yi)實現水電(dian)(dian)(dian)盡量消納(na)，提高水電(dian)(dian)(dian)潛(qian)在的增送空(kong)間，另一(yi)方(fang)面也在一(yi)定(ding)程度上(shang)滿足了(le)G省的訴求，實現了(le)盡量消除兩(liang)省在外送電(dian)(dian)(dian)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力現貨市場(chang)問題上(shang)的尖銳對立。

三是(shi)靈活執行(xing)同一交流網(wang)(wang)(wang)內不(bu)同調(diao)度關系機(ji)組的(de)(de)(de)優先發電(dian)(dian)(dian)計劃。我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)通道一般都建設了配(pei)(pei)套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，這些配(pei)(pei)套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)除了少量(liang)“點對網(wang)(wang)(wang)”接(jie)線(xian)方式的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)組外，大(da)部分采用“網(wang)(wang)(wang)對網(wang)(wang)(wang)”方式接(jie)線(xian)。“網(wang)(wang)(wang)對網(wang)(wang)(wang)”配(pei)(pei)套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式主要原因是(shi)直(zhi)流線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)輸送容量(liang)越來(lai)越大(da)，如(ru)果配(pei)(pei)套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不(bu)與(yu)(yu)所在(zai)地(di)交流網(wang)(wang)(wang)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)，一旦(dan)配(pei)(pei)套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)出現“非停(ting)”，會造成(cheng)直(zhi)流線(xian)路被動停(ting)運，受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)地(di)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運行(xing)安全(quan)會受(shou)到(dao)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)沖擊。配(pei)(pei)套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)與(yu)(yu)所在(zai)地(di)交流網(wang)(wang)(wang)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)后，可以借助當地(di)交流網(wang)(wang)(wang)使用當地(di)機(ji)組的(de)(de)(de)備用，對于保(bao)證直(zhi)流線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)運行(xing)大(da)有(you)裨(bi)益。

但世無雙全(quan)事，享受了這種好處，接入當(dang)地(di)的(de)(de)配套(tao)電源受基爾霍夫定律(lv)的(de)(de)影響，“一舉一動”都會對當(dang)地(di)網內其他機(ji)組(zu)(zu)產生影響，歷史上(shang)四(si)川(chuan)國調機(ji)組(zu)(zu)與省調機(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)“公平棄水”之爭就是這個原(yuan)因。

計(ji)劃(hua)體制(zhi)下可以(yi)分三六九等，市(shi)場(chang)環境下只認價格，解決辦法就是(shi)在同(tong)一交(jiao)流網(wang)(wang)內不同(tong)調度(du)關系機(ji)組的(de)優先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)劃(hua)需要更加靈活(huo)的(de)執行方(fang)式，例如S省試(shi)結算(suan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)問題，完全可以(yi)把網(wang)(wang)調優先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)劃(hua)發(fa)到S省的(de)關口上，以(yi)該(gai)節點為優先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)合同(tong)的(de)執行點，涉及的(de)機(ji)組直接參(can)加S省市(shi)場(chang)，如果(guo)該(gai)機(ji)組因成本低在現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)中(zhong)標，則不但可以(yi)發(fa)出優先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)合同(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，還(huan)以(yi)代替其他(ta)機(ji)組發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；如該(gai)機(ji)組成本相對較高，那么其他(ta)機(ji)組通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)代發(fa)了其優先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)合同(tong)，該(gai)機(ji)組獲得了比自己發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)更多的(de)差(cha)價結算(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費，無(wu)論對于S省，還(huan)是(shi)四(si)川的(de)棄水問題，都(dou)是(shi)一種“雙贏”的(de)解決方(fang)案。

預則立，2020年已經(jing)過半，電(dian)力(li)現貨(huo)市場長周期試(shi)結算正在快步(bu)向我(wo)們走來(lai)，包括優先發用(yong)電(dian)制(zhi)度在內的(de)配(pei)套制(zhi)度需要以(yi)高度的(de)歷史責任感盡快修改完善，保證電(dian)力(li)現貨(huo)市場走穩走好，為(wei)電(dian)力(li)市場化(hua)改革取得質的(de)突破作出貢獻。