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2014年(nian)6月，習近平(ping)總書記提出“四(si)個(ge)革命、一個(ge)合(he)作(zuo)”的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)安全新(xin)戰(zhan)略，明確了(le)我國能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)革命的(de)(de)方向，引領了(le)我國能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)趨勢。隨著傳統發電技術(shu)的(de)(de)改進(jin)，風電、光伏等可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，新(xin)型(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)利用技術(shu)的(de)(de)變(bian)革，智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電網等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)輸配網絡的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)，以及用戶智(zhi)慧用能(neng)(neng)(neng)新(xin)需求的(de)(de)提出，發展(zhan)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)已成(cheng)為我國電力系統建(jian)設(she)和能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)變(bian)革的(de)(de)重要方式。

綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)涵蓋(gai)電力(li)、煤炭、石(shi)油、天(tian)然氣、可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)等多(duo)種能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)。以電力(li)為(wei)(wei)核心，實(shi)施(shi)多(duo)異質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)協(xie)調(diao)規劃、優(you)化運行、協(xie)同管理、交互(hu)(hu)響應和互(hu)(hu)補互(hu)(hu)濟，已成為(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)展綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)廣泛共識。為(wei)(wei)此(ci)，我國提出建設(she)(she)清潔低碳、安(an)全高效的(de)現代能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)體系，推進(jin)(jin)建設(she)(she)“源(yuan)(yuan)-網(wang)-荷-儲(chu)”協(xie)調(diao)發(fa)(fa)展、集(ji)成互(hu)(hu)補的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)(hu)聯網(wang)。為(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)一步提升能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)利用(yong)效率，提高可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)利用(yong)水平，滿(man)足用(yong)戶智慧用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)需求，在用(yong)戶側構建綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)，推進(jin)(jin)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服務，成為(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)展綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)重要措施(shi)。

建設能源(yuan)互聯網，構建綜(zong)合(he)能源(yuan)系統，推(tui)進(jin)綜(zong)合(he)能源(yuan)服務，是發展(zhan)綜(zong)合(he)能源(yuan)的(de)具體形式和(he)建設新一代電力系統的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)環(huan)節，也是全面推(tui)進(jin)能源(yuan)革命的(de)重(zhong)大戰略(lve)支撐。

一、綜合能源對于推進能源革命的重要意義

發展綜(zong)合能(neng)源(yuan)可(ke)有力推動能(neng)源(yuan)消費革(ge)命。建(jian)設城市(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)聯網，構建(jian)面向園區(qu)、工廠、社區(qu)、樓宇等(deng)用(yong)(yong)能(neng)對象的(de)綜(zong)合能(neng)源(yuan)系統，推進綜(zong)合能(neng)源(yuan)服務，培(pei)育虛擬電廠、負(fu)荷(he)聚集(ji)商等(deng)綜(zong)合能(neng)源(yuan)新型(xing)主體，應用(yong)(yong)大數(shu)據、云(yun)計算、5G等(deng)數(shu)字信息(xi)技術，滿足用(yong)(yong)戶的(de)智慧(hui)用(yong)(yong)能(neng)需求，實現多種能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)優(you)化(hua)配置、優(you)勢(shi)互(hu)補(bu)，可(ke)有效提(ti)升(sheng)用(yong)(yong)戶能(neng)效，控(kong)制能(neng)源(yuan)消費總量，從而推進能(neng)源(yuan)消費革(ge)命，形成(cheng)能(neng)源(yuan)節(jie)約型(xing)社會。

發展綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可有(you)(you)力(li)推動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供給革(ge)命。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯網(wang)與綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系統涵蓋化石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，統籌集中式與分布(bu)式能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)類型，可實(shi)現多元(yuan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供應的(de)充(chong)分互(hu)(hu)(hu)補(bu)，以(yi)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電網(wang)為(wei)基礎，實(shi)現與熱力(li)管網(wang)、天(tian)然氣管網(wang)、交(jiao)通(tong)網(wang)絡(luo)等多種類型網(wang)絡(luo)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯互(hu)(hu)(hu)通(tong)，發揮儲(chu)電、儲(chu)熱、儲(chu)冷、抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)靈(ling)活(huo)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)調(diao)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，有(you)(you)效調(diao)動(dong)需求(qiu)側資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)響應潛力(li)，可實(shi)現多能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系統的(de)橫向多能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)互(hu)(hu)(hu)補(bu)與縱向協調(diao)發展，從而構建能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)多元(yuan)供應體系，推動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供給革(ge)命。

發(fa)展(zhan)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)可有力推動能(neng)源(yuan)技(ji)術革命(ming)。在技(ji)術創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)方(fang)面，發(fa)展(zhan)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)將(jiang)有力推進能(neng)源(yuan)路由器等(deng)(deng)(deng)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)耦(ou)合(he)、調控(kong)技(ji)術，以及智慧用能(neng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)技(ji)術的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)；在產(chan)(chan)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)方(fang)面，發(fa)展(zhan)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)將(jiang)有力激發(fa)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)核心設備制(zhi)造(zao)、綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)服(fu)(fu)務等(deng)(deng)(deng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)；在商(shang)業(ye)模式(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)方(fang)面，發(fa)展(zhan)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)將(jiang)有力推動綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)定制(zhi)化(hua)服(fu)(fu)務、綠色能(neng)源(yuan)服(fu)(fu)務、點(dian)對(dui)點(dian)微(wei)平衡交易、負(fu)荷聚集商(shang)、虛擬電廠等(deng)(deng)(deng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型商(shang)業(ye)模式(shi)與(yu)市場(chang)主體的(de)涌現。

因此，發(fa)展綜合能源可(ke)全(quan)面(mian)帶動(dong)產業升級，推動(dong)能源技術(shu)革命。

發展綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)可有力(li)(li)推動能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)體制(zhi)革(ge)命。以電(dian)力(li)(li)為核心建設能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯網(wang)，構建綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統，可全面推進多種(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的互補融合，打破(po)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)體制(zhi)壁壘(lei)，形(xing)成涵蓋(gai)電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)、碳交易(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)、綠色配額交易(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)、煤(mei)電(dian)聯動機制(zhi)等(deng)多類(lei)型市(shi)(shi)場(chang)機制(zhi)，通過市(shi)(shi)場(chang)競爭的方(fang)式還原能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)商品屬性(xing)，進而推動我(wo)國能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)體制(zhi)革(ge)命。

發展綜合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可有力(li)推動(dong)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)國(guo)際(ji)合(he)作。全球(qiu)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯網(wang)是(shi)發展綜合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，建設能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯網(wang)的(de)重要(yao)組成部分，可推動(dong)清(qing)潔、綠(lv)色能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發展，滿(man)足全球(qiu)電力(li)需求，體現(xian)我國(guo)推進能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉型、應對氣候變化的(de)國(guo)際(ji)擔(dan)當(dang)。建設全球(qiu)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯網(wang)，是(shi)我國(guo)推動(dong)“一(yi)帶一(yi)路”建設的(de)重要(yao)戰略，是(shi)推動(dong)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)國(guo)際(ji)合(he)作的(de)重要(yao)舉措。

綜(zong)(zong)上所述，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源可(ke)助力(li)我(wo)國(guo)完(wan)成“四個(ge)革(ge)命、一個(ge)合(he)作(zuo)”能(neng)(neng)源安全戰略，是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)能(neng)(neng)源變革(ge)的(de)重要舉措(cuo)和能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢。因此(ci)，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)“十四五”能(neng)(neng)源電力(li)規劃的(de)重要內(nei)容。為此(ci)，需(xu)明確(que)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)思路，解決(jue)關鍵規劃問(wen)題(ti)，從而全面推動電力(li)系(xi)統(tong)建(jian)設，支撐能(neng)(neng)源革(ge)命。

二、綜合能源“十四五”的發展思路

能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互聯網、綜(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)和綜(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)服務是綜(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發展的具(ju)體形式，綜(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在“十四五(wu)”電力發展規劃主要應從(cong)基礎架構、終端綜(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)和綜(zong)合(he)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)服務等方面展開。

完善能源互聯網基礎架構

欲發揮能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)(hu)聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)橫向(xiang)多能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)成互(hu)(hu)補(bu)與縱向(xiang)源(yuan)-網(wang)(wang)(wang)-荷(he)-儲(chu)協調的優(you)勢特征，首先需完(wan)善其基(ji)礎架構。第一，建設(she)(she)(she)(she)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)場、光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧運行平臺，精準(zhun)預測(ce)可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)出力，平抑(yi)可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)出力隨機(ji)性(xing)、波(bo)動性(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)不足，提升可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)的可靠性(xing)。第二，推(tui)進(jin)燃煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組的技(ji)術改造(zao)，提升設(she)(she)(she)(she)備的梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)水平和深度調峰能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，既發揮火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組的基(ji)荷(he)作(zuo)用(yong)，同時挖掘其多能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)互(hu)(hu)補(bu)潛力。第三，加強能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡建設(she)(she)(she)(she)，以智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為基(ji)礎，推(tui)進(jin)特高壓建設(she)(she)(she)(she)，實(shi)(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區域遠(yuan)距離傳輸與優(you)化(hua)配(pei)置，與熱力管(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、天然氣管(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、交通網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)多種類(lei)(lei)型網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡互(hu)(hu)聯互(hu)(hu)通，實(shi)(shi)現多種能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的協同轉(zhuan)化(hua)與集(ji)成調配(pei)。第四，推(tui)進(jin)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)終端建設(she)(she)(she)(she)，包括(kuo)：智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)工(gong)廠、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)小區、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧樓宇、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)家居等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，支撐建設(she)(she)(she)(she)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧城市，實(shi)(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費端的智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)計量、檢測(ce)、診斷和調控，提升綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)需求響(xiang)應(ying)水平。第五，加快儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施布局，在風電(dian)(dian)(dian)場、光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)基(ji)地配(pei)套儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，建設(she)(she)(she)(she)抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，鼓(gu)勵發展儲(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、儲(chu)熱、儲(chu)冷、儲(chu)氫等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)多類(lei)(lei)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施，提升能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系統靈活性(xing)資源(yuan)的調控水平。

建設綜合能源系統

發展綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)重(zhong)要目標是提(ti)高用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效率，降低用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)成(cheng)本，提(ti)升(sheng)智慧(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)體驗。為此，需在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)構建(jian)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)。第(di)一，加強用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)基礎(chu)設(she)施建(jian)設(she)，發展冷熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)聯(lian)(lian)供、熱泵、工(gong)業(ye)余(yu)熱余(yu)壓(ya)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)基礎(chu)設(she)施，推(tui)動屋頂光伏(fu)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)散式(shi)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)優化(hua)布(bu)局與(yu)高效利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，推(tui)廣電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車等(deng)(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)替代方式(shi)并(bing)完善(shan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁等(deng)(deng)(deng)配(pei)(pei)套設(she)施的(de)建(jian)設(she)，鼓勵小區(qu)(qu)、樓(lou)宇、家(jia)庭(ting)等(deng)(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)單元配(pei)(pei)備(bei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)備(bei)，統(tong)籌智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網與(yu)熱力、天然氣等(deng)(deng)(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)管網的(de)布(bu)局與(yu)協(xie)同管理。第(di)二，因地(di)制宜(yi)建(jian)設(she)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)，面向工(gong)業(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)(qu)、工(gong)廠、社區(qu)(qu)、樓(lou)宇等(deng)(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)單元，充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)其(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)設(she)施及能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網絡，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)構建(jian)相對獨立的(de)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)，實現(xian)局部綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)互補協(xie)調與(yu)集(ji)成(cheng)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。第(di)三(san)，建(jian)設(she)城市能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)互聯(lian)(lian)網，以集(ji)中式(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)基地(di)為依托，聯(lian)(lian)接各(ge)園(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)(qu)、工(gong)廠、社區(qu)(qu)、樓(lou)宇等(deng)(deng)(deng)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)，構建(jian)城市能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)互聯(lian)(lian)網，實現(xian)多種(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)在城鎮范圍內的(de)廣泛互聯(lian)(lian)與(yu)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)高效利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，支撐智慧(hui)城市建(jian)設(she)。

開展綜合能源服務

持(chi)續穩定的(de)市場(chang)化運行業(ye)務是發展綜合能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)重(zhong)要保障(zhang)，因此需大力開(kai)展綜合能(neng)源(yuan)服務。

第一，開(kai)展(zhan)以電力(li)為核心的(de)綜合能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)交易(yi)(yi)，鼓(gu)勵綜合能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)運營(ying)商(shang)等多(duo)類(lei)型主體(ti)參(can)與電力(li)中長期(qi)交易(yi)(yi)、零售交易(yi)(yi)，形成多(duo)樣化電力(li)零售套餐；開(kai)展(zhan)點對點分布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)交易(yi)(yi)，搭建分布(bu)式(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)、儲能(neng)、電動(dong)汽車等靈活性(xing)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)交易(yi)(yi)平臺(tai)；以綜合能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統為參(can)與主體(ti)，形成多(duo)類(lei)型靈活性(xing)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)參(can)與的(de)需(xu)求側響應市場，挖(wa)掘(jue)需(xu)求側資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)系統調節潛力(li)。

第二，開展(zhan)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)額及(ji)綠(lv)證交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，以可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)消納(na)(na)責任權重為目標(biao)，開展(zhan)配(pei)額指標(biao)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，推(tui)進可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)色電(dian)力(li)證書的認購(gou)與交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，提升(sheng)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的消納(na)(na)水(shui)平。

第三，開展(zhan)智慧能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)，挖掘(jue)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)大(da)數據(ju)的(de)潛在價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)，創新拓展(zhan)能(neng)量托管(guan)、交(jiao)易委(wei)托、能(neng)效管(guan)理、節能(neng)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)、信息服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)等(deng)增值(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)。第四(si)，培育新型市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體，增強市(shi)場(chang)(chang)活(huo)力，鼓勵多元化競爭，形成產消一體用戶（Prosumer）、綜合能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)運營商(shang)、負荷(he)集成商(shang)、虛擬電廠(chang)等(deng)多元主體參與靈活(huo)性資源(yuan)(yuan)優化配(pei)置(zhi)的(de)智慧能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)。

三、綜合能源“十四五”電力規劃的關鍵問題

為確保綜合能(neng)(neng)源建(jian)(jian)設順利進行(xing)，全(quan)面支撐我國能(neng)(neng)源革命(ming)，“十(shi)四五”電力規劃的綜合能(neng)(neng)源規劃建(jian)(jian)設需解決以下關鍵(jian)問題(ti)。

應用數字信息技術建設能源互聯網

“云大物移智(zhi)鏈”等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)字信息技術(shu)是發(fa)展綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，建設(she)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互聯網(wang)的(de)技術(shu)支撐。需加快數(shu)(shu)字信息技術(shu)與能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)物理技術(shu)的(de)融(rong)合，推進能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路由器(qi)等(deng)(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互聯網(wang)核心設(she)備的(de)研發(fa)與應(ying)(ying)用(yong)；開發(fa)智(zhi)慧能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)運(yun)(yun)控(kong)平臺，促進能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)信息充(chong)分利用(yong)，協調平衡各(ge)類資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，實(shi)(shi)現系(xi)統運(yun)(yun)行智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)決策、用(yong)戶用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)高效便捷；應(ying)(ying)用(yong)區塊(kuai)鏈技術(shu)，推進去中(zhong)心化、信息共享(xiang)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)結(jie)算的(de)分布式能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)微平衡交易，實(shi)(shi)現需求側靈活性資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)合理配置與利用(yong)。

推進火電機組技術改造

“十四五”期間，我國的(de)(de)能源(yuan)結構將持續優化，傳統(tong)(tong)火(huo)電機(ji)組面(mian)臨清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)高效(xiao)生(sheng)產和(he)轉變角(jiao)色的(de)(de)更高要(yao)求(qiu)。一方面(mian)，需推(tui)進煤(mei)電機(ji)組超(chao)低(di)排放和(he)節(jie)能改(gai)(gai)造，實現(xian)(xian)能源(yuan)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)高效(xiao)生(sheng)產和(he)梯(ti)級利用；另一方面(mian)，需實施煤(mei)電機(ji)組靈活(huo)性改(gai)(gai)造工程，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)機(ji)組的(de)(de)靈活(huo)性調節(jie)能力(li)(li)，通過參與深度調峰等輔助服(fu)務提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)電力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)消納能力(li)(li)，大幅提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)靈活(huo)調節(jie)水平(ping)，實現(xian)(xian)自身角(jiao)色轉型。

構建綜合能源系統推進綜合能源服務

提(ti)升(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)驗，滿足(zu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)多(duo)樣化用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)需求(qiu)，是(shi)“十四五”電(dian)力(li)規劃的重要目標(biao)，在需求(qiu)側構(gou)建綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統，以此(ci)開展綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)服務，是(shi)實(shi)現該目標(biao)的關鍵(jian)路徑。一方(fang)面(mian)，以工業園區、工廠(chang)、社區、樓宇等(deng)實(shi)體(ti)(ti)單元(yuan)為建設(she)主體(ti)(ti)，充分(fen)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)冷熱電(dian)三聯(lian)供(gong)(gong)、屋頂光伏(fu)、儲能(neng)(neng)、電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)等(deng)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，統籌配電(dian)網與熱力(li)、天然氣等(deng)管網，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)數字信(xin)息(xi)技術構(gou)建綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統，為提(ti)升(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)多(duo)樣化用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)驗提(ti)供(gong)(gong)硬件支(zhi)撐；另一方(fang)面(mian)，依托綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統，創(chuang)新推行(xing)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)零售套餐、分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)交易、能(neng)(neng)效管理、節能(neng)(neng)服務等(deng)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)服務，滿足(zu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的多(duo)樣化用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)需求(qiu)。

釋放需求響應資源潛力

實(shi)施綜合(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)源需(xu)求響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)，可(ke)有效調(diao)節系(xi)統(tong)(tong)供(gong)需(xu)平衡，提升(sheng)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源消納水平，其(qi)平衡調(diao)節作用與供(gong)給側相當，且成本更低。如何充分釋放需(xu)求資(zi)源響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)潛(qian)力(li)，成為“十四五”電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)規(gui)劃的關鍵問題。一方面，應(ying)依托綜合(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)源系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，統(tong)(tong)籌(chou)管理冷熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)三聯(lian)供(gong)、屋(wu)頂光(guang)伏、儲能(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車等分布式能(neng)(neng)源與負(fu)荷資(zi)源，充分挖(wa)掘各類資(zi)源的綜合(he)(he)響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)能(neng)(neng)力(li)，提升(sheng)需(xu)求資(zi)源響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)水平；另一方面，完善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，通過現(xian)貨節點電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、分時電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、尖峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、直(zhi)接負(fu)荷控制(zhi)(zhi)、可(ke)中斷負(fu)荷等政策、市場機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)釋放需(xu)求響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)資(zi)源潛(qian)力(li)，反(fan)應(ying)資(zi)源價(jia)(jia)值。

仿真技術支撐科學規劃決策

綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)(de)測(ce)算(suan)(suan)及(ji)決(jue)策水平直接影響“十(shi)四(si)五(wu)”期間我國能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設成效(xiao)，通(tong)過數學(xue)模型和算(suan)(suan)法(fa)支撐的(de)(de)仿(fang)真系(xi)統(tong)是(shi)解決(jue)該問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)途徑(jing)。為(wei)此(ci)，需加強綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)劃(hua)仿(fang)真平臺(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設，支持“十(shi)四(si)五(wu)”綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)科學(xue)規(gui)劃(hua)與決(jue)策，推動(dong)高校、科研(yan)機構等(deng)開發涵(han)蓋規(gui)劃(hua)、運行、效(xiao)益評價在內的(de)(de)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)仿(fang)真平臺(tai)(tai)，針(zhen)對可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)設布局、新增火電容量、需求響應(ying)資源(yuan)(yuan)潛力(li)(li)測(ce)算(suan)(suan)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)劃(hua)關(guan)鍵問(wen)題(ti)進行仿(fang)真計算(suan)(suan)，從經(jing)濟效(xiao)益、環(huan)境(jing)效(xiao)益、社會效(xiao)益等(deng)多維度綜合(he)評價規(gui)劃(hua)方案，模擬實施效(xiao)果(guo)，為(wei)“十(shi)四(si)五(wu)”綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)(de)科學(xue)決(jue)策提供有(you)力(li)(li)支撐。

綜上，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)綜合能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)推進我國能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)革命的重(zhong)大戰略(lve)，是(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電力(li)系(xi)統演(yan)化發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的趨(qu)勢。“十四五”電力(li)規劃應結合5G基(ji)站、特高壓、新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽車充(chong)電樁等新型基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)戰略(lve)，充(chong)分、科學論證能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯(lian)網、綜合能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統和綜合能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服務的規劃內容，支(zhi)撐電力(li)系(xi)統穩(wen)步有(you)序發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。