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如今(jin)經(jing)濟領域最熱(re)的(de)話(hua)題(ti)非(fei)“新基建”莫屬。“新基建”范疇的(de)5G基站正經(jing)歷(li)“幸福的(de)煩惱”，一邊是熱(re)火(huo)朝天(tian)的(de)建設潮(chao)，另(ling)一邊卻遭遇(yu)高(gao)耗(hao)能、高(gao)電價的(de)束縛。為(wei)破解5G基站建設中的(de)用電難題(ti)，多地政府相繼送(song)出降電價政策“大禮(li)包”。

業(ye)內專家認為，“大手筆”降(jiang)低5G基(ji)站(zhan)電價(jia)，是政企(qi)聯(lian)動(dong)、合力(li)讓(rang)利(li)的邏輯(ji)支撐。各地相(xiang)繼出臺5G基(ji)站(zhan)優惠電價(jia)政策，更(geng)是“下準藥”，尤其(qi)是電網企(qi)業(ye)的“紅包”將助力(li)5G基(ji)站(zhan)建設(she)“換擋提速”。

5G基站單站建設成本高

近(jin)日，國網電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)公司董(dong)事長(chang)全生明介紹，在應用(yong)初期(qi)，5G套餐費與4G相比偏高(gao)，5G基站(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)(dian)費成(cheng)本也(ye)偏高(gao)。一方面(mian)(mian)，同等信(xin)(xin)號(hao)覆蓋水平條件下(xia)，5G基站(zhan)(zhan)安(an)裝數(shu)量是4G的(de)1.5-2倍；另(ling)一方面(mian)(mian)，5G基站(zhan)(zhan)單(dan)站(zhan)(zhan)耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)量更大，單(dan)站(zhan)(zhan)單(dan)制式通(tong)信(xin)(xin)設備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)負荷是4G的(de)2.5-3.5倍。“此外，5G商用(yong)部署尚未到成(cheng)熟(shu)期(qi)，5G基站(zhan)(zhan)能效管理等技術也(ye)處于(yu)初步探(tan)索階段(duan)。因(yin)此，多(duo)因(yin)素疊加，導致5G能耗(hao)總體遠高(gao)于(yu)4G，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本也(ye)隨之升(sheng)高(gao)。”全生明表示。

目(mu)前，5G基站主要有兩(liang)種供電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)，即(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業直(zhi)接(jie)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)第(di)三方(fang)轉(zhuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業直(zhi)接(jie)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)執行一般工商業電(dian)(dian)(dian)價，平均為(wei)0.682元/千瓦(wa)時(shi)；第(di)三方(fang)轉(zhuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)，實際(ji)執行電(dian)(dian)(dian)價為(wei)1.1-1.5元/千瓦(wa)時(shi)。

據測算，以當前平均1.3元(yuan)/度(du)的(de)(de)轉供(gong)(gong)電價(jia)(jia)計算，一(yi)個(ge)4G基(ji)站每(mei)年的(de)(de)電費是(shi)(shi)20280元(yuan)，一(yi)個(ge)5G基(ji)站每(mei)年的(de)(de)電費將(jiang)高達(da)54600元(yuan)。電信(xin)(xin)運營商官方統計顯示，5G基(ji)站最大功(gong)耗(hao)約為4G的(de)(de)3-4倍，電信(xin)(xin)運營商的(de)(de)電費成本將(jiang)是(shi)(shi)4G時代(dai)的(de)(de)6-12倍。甚(shen)至有些5G基(ji)站電價(jia)(jia)高達(da)每(mei)度(du)電1.5元(yuan)以上，不(bu)僅遠高于工商業(ye)電價(jia)(jia)，也比轉供(gong)(gong)電限價(jia)(jia)0.9元(yuan)左右高出不(bu)少。

全生明介紹(shao)，目(mu)前國網經營區建成18.9萬(wan)個(ge)5G基站，其中約(yue)72%采用電(dian)網企業直(zhi)接供電(dian)，28%采用第三(san)方(fang)轉供電(dian)。部(bu)分城市(shi)5G基站的第三(san)方(fang)轉供電(dian)比例甚至高(gao)達70%，直(zhi)接推高(gao)了(le)5G基站總體電(dian)費(fei)支出。

多地發布電價優惠政策

連日(ri)來，北京、山東、江蘇(su)、山西(xi)、河南、新疆等(deng)多地政(zheng)府印發5G基(ji)站建設優惠電(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策，旨在降(jiang)低5G基(ji)站建設和(he)運營(ying)成本(ben)。記者梳理發現，這些政(zheng)策“大禮(li)包(bao)”主(zhu)要包(bao)括轉供電(dian)(dian)改為直供電(dian)(dian)、建立基(ji)站用電(dian)(dian)報裝綠色通道、支(zhi)持電(dian)(dian)信運營(ying)企(qi)業參與電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場交易(yi)等(deng)方面(mian)。

其(qi)中，山(shan)東(dong)明(ming)確，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)直(zhi)供(gong)(gong)到戶、安裝(zhuang)2.5千瓦(wa)及以(yi)上(shang)儲能設(she)備的(de)(de)5G基(ji)站(zhan)，在(zai)執(zhi)行峰谷(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價時(shi)其(qi)低谷(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價在(zai)現(xian)行標準基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)每千瓦(wa)時(shi)再(zai)降低3分錢（含稅）；江(jiang)蘇文件(jian)稱，對符合條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)5G基(ji)站(zhan)實施(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)直(zhi)接交易(yi)，優化(hua)(hua)5G設(she)施(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)申(shen)請審批流程(cheng)，組織(zhi)推進具(ju)備條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)5G基(ji)站(zhan)轉(zhuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)直(zhi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)；北京(jing)政(zheng)策要(yao)求(qiu)，在(zai)5G基(ji)站(zhan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報裝(zhuang)、轉(zhuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)直(zhi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)方(fang)面給(gei)予政(zheng)策支持；新(xin)疆要(yao)求(qiu)，轉(zhuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主體不得通過(guo)轉(zhuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)贏(ying)利，向(xiang)所有終端用(yong)戶收(shou)取的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)、損耗和分攤(tan)費(fei)用(yong)之和，不得超(chao)過(guo)其(qi)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)繳納的(de)(de)總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)；山(shan)西出臺優化(hua)(hua)5G設(she)施(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)申(shen)請審批流程(cheng)、轉(zhuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)為直(zhi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、對參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市場(chang)交易(yi)的(de)(de)5G基(ji)站(zhan)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價補(bu)貼等(deng)降低5G基(ji)站(zhan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本的(de)(de)舉措。

政策(ce)紅利正在發(fa)生作用(yong)(yong)。以(yi)遼寧(ning)為(wei)例，今年五一后(hou)，該省5G基站電(dian)價降至0.4元(yuan)/千瓦時，未來三年，將為(wei)三大運(yun)營商減少用(yong)(yong)電(dian)成本(ben)2億元(yuan)以(yi)上。“5G尚(shang)在研(yan)發(fa)階段(duan)，部(bu)署(shu)和運(yun)營成本(ben)均(jun)不小，此時給予一定補(bu)貼和扶(fu)持緩(huan)解壓力，才能更好(hao)地實(shi)現產(chan)業發(fa)展。”中國(guo)信息通信研(yan)究院(yuan)總(zong)工(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)羅松認(ren)為(wei)。

多渠道降低5G基站成本

今年最大(da)的一(yi)項政(zheng)策(ce)紅(hong)利是，政(zheng)府工作報告明確要求“降(jiang)低工商業電價5%政(zheng)策(ce)延長到今年年底”。按年底80萬個5G基站計算，僅5G基站電費一(yi)年可降(jiang)低218.4億元。

在(zai)全生明看來，國(guo)家、地方降(jiang)(jiang)低電價只是其中一個方面(mian)，降(jiang)(jiang)低5G基(ji)站用(yong)電成(cheng)本需要(yao)多渠道共同發力。如在(zai)降(jiang)(jiang)低5G基(ji)站能(neng)(neng)耗方面(mian)，5G設備商(shang)、建設方、運營(ying)商(shang)要(yao)通過技術進(jin)步(bu)、管理(li)(li)創(chuang)新等多種手段，優化用(yong)能(neng)(neng)管理(li)(li)，進(jin)一步(bu)降(jiang)(jiang)低5G基(ji)站能(neng)(neng)耗水平。

“再(zai)比如，運營商(shang)(shang)、設備廠(chang)商(shang)(shang)可以(yi)合(he)力探索降低5G基站耗(hao)電成本，共(gong)同研究采用更高工藝制(zhi)程的芯片、更節(jie)能的器件(jian)材料，引進(jin)更科學的散熱方法等，使設備功率(lv)控制(zhi)能夠智(zhi)能化(hua)調節(jie)、動態休眠(mian)等。”一位不愿具名的業內人(ren)士表(biao)示。

在(zai)受訪業內專家看來(lai)，5G基站(zhan)在(zai)關(guan)鍵建設(she)時期“不掉鏈(lian)子”，還需政府(fu)、通信運營(ying)商、電網企業等各方通力協(xie)作，多渠(qu)道(dao)發力，降低5G基站(zhan)建設(she)、運營(ying)成本。