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電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)是全(quan)國(guo)(guo)統一大(da)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)重要組成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)。近年來，隨著(zhu)我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業高(gao)速發(fa)(fa)展、電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)改革深(shen)入(ru)推(tui)進，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)成(cheng)員不斷增加(jia)、市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)環境發(fa)(fa)生深(shen)刻變化(hua)、市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)運行更(geng)加(jia)復雜。《電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)監管辦法》旨(zhi)在更(geng)好地(di)維護(hu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)秩序，保護(hu)消費者權益(yi)，促(cu)進電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行業的(de)健康持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展。這標志著(zhu)中國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)在法規體系(xi)和監管結構上邁出重要一步。

近日(ri)，國家發改委(wei)公(gong)布《電力市場監管辦法》（以下簡稱《辦法》）。《辦法》將于今(jin)年(nian)6月1日(ri)起施行。這(zhe)是2005年(nian)《辦法》公(gong)布后(hou)的首次修訂。

2022年(nian)，中(zhong)共中(zhong)央、國(guo)(guo)務院發布《關于(yu)加(jia)快建設全國(guo)(guo)統一大市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)意見》，提出要健全多層次統一電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)體系，破(po)除市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)壁(bi)壘，推進市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)監管的(de)(de)公平統一。電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)是(shi)全國(guo)(guo)統一大市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)重要組成部分。近年(nian)來(lai)，隨著我國(guo)(guo)電力(li)(li)工業(ye)高速(su)發展(zhan)、電力(li)(li)改革深入推進，電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)成員不斷增(zeng)加(jia)、市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)環(huan)境發生深刻變化、市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)運行更加(jia)復(fu)雜。

“當前(qian)我國(guo)電力(li)市(shi)場化(hua)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)呈現蹄疾步(bu)穩、縱深推進(jin)、全面(mian)開花的(de)良好(hao)局面(mian)。各項改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)重點任務有序(xu)推進(jin)，在政策改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)、現貨市(shi)場試點建(jian)設(she)、綠色電力(li)交(jiao)(jiao)易、碳(tan)排放(fang)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易市(shi)場建(jian)設(she)等改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)熱(re)點問題上也(ye)取得顯著成(cheng)效，電力(li)市(shi)場化(hua)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)步(bu)入(ru)整體優化(hua)提(ti)升的(de)全新階段。《辦法》旨在更好(hao)地(di)維(wei)護市(shi)場秩序(xu)，保護消(xiao)費者權(quan)益，促進(jin)電力(li)行業(ye)的(de)健(jian)康持續發(fa)展。這標(biao)志著中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)電力(li)市(shi)場在法規體系和監管結構上邁出重要一步(bu)。”華(hua)北電力(li)大學能源(yuan)互聯網研究中(zhong)(zhong)心副(fu)主(zhu)任王永(yong)利(li)告訴《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)能源(yuan)報》記者。

新要求新問題不斷涌現

2015年，中共(gong)中央、國務院(yuan)公布(bu)《關于進一步深化電力體制改革(ge)的若干意見》（以下簡稱“9號文”），按照(zhao)“管(guan)住中間、放(fang)(fang)開(kai)兩頭”的體制架構(gou)，推進“三放(fang)(fang)開(kai)、一獨立、三加強”。我(wo)國新電改自(zi)此拉開(kai)帷(wei)幕。

“近(jin)年來，我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)體系建(jian)設穩(wen)步推進(jin)，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)理念深入人心，推進(jin)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)改革(ge)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)行業共識(shi)、社會共識(shi)，建(jian)設市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)、擁抱市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)，日益成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業各(ge)方謀發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、圖創(chuang)新必須考慮的重要因素和(he)外部條件(jian)。與此同時(shi)，多層次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)體系日漸完善，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)中長(chang)期、現貨和(he)輔助(zhu)服務市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)統籌推進(jin)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)相關價(jia)(jia)格形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)機制持續(xu)完善，燃煤(mei)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)改革(ge)取得實(shi)質性進(jin)展(zhan)，輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)構成(cheng)(cheng)更加合(he)理，新能(neng)源(yuan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)消納比例不斷提高，兩部制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)在(zai)抽水蓄能(neng)、新型儲能(neng)得到應用。”博眾智(zhi)合(he)（Agora）能(neng)源(yuan)轉型論壇中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)項(xiang)目主(zhu)任尹(yin)明告(gao)訴《中國(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)報》記者。

不(bu)(bu)過(guo)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場發展過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)也催(cui)生出新(xin)(xin)問題。“間歇性(xing)、波動(dong)性(xing)和(he)隨機性(xing)風光新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)更大規模、更高(gao)比例接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統，深(shen)刻改(gai)變了電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統各類(lei)資源(yuan)功(gong)能價值和(he)利益(yi)(yi)關系(xi)，需(xu)要(yao)通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場實現功(gong)能價值定價和(he)獲取收(shou)益(yi)(yi)。在此過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，新(xin)(xin)業務、新(xin)(xin)業態、新(xin)(xin)主體不(bu)(bu)斷涌現，對電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場監(jian)管(guan)提出新(xin)(xin)要(yao)求和(he)新(xin)(xin)問題。”尹(yin)明(ming)表示。

據了解，隨著電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)頂(ding)層設計(ji)不(bu)(bu)斷深化(hua)，電(dian)力交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)類(lei)型從單(dan)純以電(dian)能量交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)為主(zhu)發(fa)展為電(dian)能量交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)、輔(fu)助服務交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)和容(rong)量交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)并(bing)存。電(dian)力交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)較改革(ge)初期更(geng)加豐富，新(xin)型儲能、虛擬電(dian)廠、負荷聚合商(shang)等新(xin)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)、新(xin)業態(tai)不(bu)(bu)斷發(fa)展，市(shi)場(chang)成(cheng)員(yuan)的權利義務發(fa)生(sheng)深刻(ke)變化(hua)。王(wang)永利坦言(yan)：“隨著電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)成(cheng)員(yuan)不(bu)(bu)斷增加，市(shi)場(chang)環境(jing)發(fa)生(sheng)深刻(ke)變化(hua)，市(shi)場(chang)運行更(geng)加復雜，需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)成(cheng)員(yuan)參與(yu)電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)行為、主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)間合同簽訂、電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)及(ji)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)間的爭(zheng)端解決進(jin)行規范。”

全面豐富監管體系

修(xiu)訂后的《辦法》明確了電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)監管(guan)主體與監管(guan)對象(xiang)，優化調整電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)監管(guan)內(nei)容(rong)，細化電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)規則管(guan)理，創新電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)監管(guan)措施與手段。

“新《辦法》根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設的(de)新進展及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行業(ye)發展的(de)新形勢，系(xi)統規(gui)定(ding)了監管(guan)(guan)誰(shui)、監管(guan)(guan)什么、由誰(shui)監管(guan)(guan)等問題。”中(zhong)國(guo)能源研究會能源政策研究室主任林衛(wei)斌向《中(zhong)國(guo)能源報(bao)》記者表(biao)示，從監管(guan)(guan)對(dui)象(xiang)上(shang)看，《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)方案》中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)框架是“廠網(wang)(wang)分開(kai)、競價上(shang)網(wang)(wang)”，《辦法》與(yu)此(ci)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)監管(guan)(guan)對(dui)象(xiang)為(wei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)用戶和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)調度交易機(ji)構(gou)。而“9號(hao)文”下(xia)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)框架則是售(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側放開(kai)，與(yu)此(ci)相(xiang)應(ying)，監管(guan)(guan)對(dui)象(xiang)包括發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、售(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)用戶、實施代(dai)理購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、提供輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)服務的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)交易機(ji)構(gou)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)調度機(ji)構(gou)。此(ci)外，新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統建(jian)設背景下(xia)，儲能企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、虛(xu)擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、負荷聚(ju)合商等新興電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市場(chang)(chang)主體(ti)(ti)也被列為(wei)監管(guan)(guan)對(dui)象(xiang)。

監(jian)管(guan)內容更加全面細致，填補了(le)統(tong)一(yi)電力市場體(ti)(ti)系的(de)監(jian)管(guan)空缺(que)。“從監(jian)管(guan)內容看，電網(wang)企(qi)業所屬或者關聯售電企(qi)業參與市場交(jiao)易的(de)情況、代理(li)購(gou)電的(de)情況及按照國家規(gui)定的(de)電能質(zhi)量和供(gong)電服務質(zhi)量標(biao)準向用戶(hu)提供(gong)供(gong)電服務的(de)情況，售電企(qi)業、電力用戶(hu)、儲能企(qi)業、虛擬(ni)電廠、負荷聚(ju)合商等參與批發電力市場交(jiao)易行(xing)為(wei)中(zhong)的(de)不正(zheng)當競(jing)爭、串通報價和其(qi)他違(wei)規(gui)交(jiao)易行(xing)為(wei)，成為(wei)新(xin)增的(de)監(jian)管(guan)內容，也(ye)體(ti)(ti)現了(le)電力體(ti)(ti)制改革的(de)新(xin)進展(zhan)(zhan)和電力行(xing)業發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)新(xin)趨(qu)勢(shi)。”林衛斌進一(yi)步表示。

與(yu)此(ci)同時，《辦(ban)法》加(jia)強了(le)對電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場成員不正當行(xing)為的監(jian)(jian)管。“《辦(ban)法》加(jia)強了(le)對售(shou)電(dian)(dian)企業、電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)戶、儲能企業、虛擬電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、負荷聚合商等批發電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場交易(yi)(yi)行(xing)為中的不正當競爭(zheng)、串通(tong)報價(jia)和其他違規(gui)交易(yi)(yi)行(xing)為的監(jian)(jian)管，體現(xian)了(le)監(jian)(jian)管的嚴肅性(xing)和權威性(xing)。此(ci)外，《辦(ban)法》明確規(gui)定爭(zheng)端解決(jue)方法。對于電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交易(yi)(yi)主體之(zhi)間或與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場運(yun)營機構(gou)之(zhi)間因交易(yi)(yi)發生的爭(zheng)議，將由電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)監(jian)(jian)管機構(gou)依法協(xie)調。履行(xing)合同發生的爭(zheng)議可以由電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)監(jian)(jian)管機構(gou)進行(xing)調解。這(zhe)將大大提高爭(zheng)議解決(jue)的效率，減(jian)少(shao)市場主體的糾紛成本。”王永利表示。

尹(yin)明指(zhi)出，《辦法》還對電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)運營(ying)機構(gou)的(de)電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)業(ye)務專業(ye)評估新舉措，即可聘(pin)請第三方機構(gou)開展相關工作，督(du)促和推動各級電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)運營(ying)機構(gou)的(de)能力(li)建設與系統平臺(tai)完善(shan)。

落實完善市場監管

《辦法(fa)》是穩妥、有(you)序(xu)推進(jin)全國統一電力市場體系建設(she)的重要環節。

在(zai)王(wang)永(yong)利看(kan)來，《辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)》通過(guo)規范各(ge)類市(shi)(shi)場(chang)參與者的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)、確(que)保信息的(de)(de)(de)公開透明(ming)，加強(qiang)對市(shi)(shi)場(chang)不(bu)(bu)正當(dang)競爭行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)，大(da)大(da)降低了(le)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)操作的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)透明(ming)度(du)和不(bu)(bu)確(que)定性，增(zeng)強(qiang)了(le)小規模和新進(jin)(jin)入(ru)者的(de)(de)(de)競爭力(li)，減少了(le)大(da)企業可(ke)能存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)支(zhi)配行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。同(tong)時，隨著市(shi)(shi)場(chang)對這些(xie)新技術的(de)(de)(de)接受，將推(tui)動(dong)整(zheng)個電(dian)力(li)行(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)技術進(jin)(jin)步和業務(wu)模式創新，推(tui)動(dong)傳統的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)和電(dian)網(wang)企業適應新的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規則(ze)和技術要(yao)求，推(tui)動(dong)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構調(diao)整(zheng)，促進(jin)(jin)從中央集中式大(da)型發(fa)電(dian)向分布(bu)式能源和微(wei)網(wang)系統的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變，將為(wei)多(duo)種(zhong)商業模式開辟新的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)空(kong)間。“接下來各(ge)省市(shi)(shi)應結(jie)合區(qu)域實(shi)際制定轄區(qu)內電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)實(shi)施細則(ze)，進(jin)(jin)一步推(tui)進(jin)(jin)《辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)》各(ge)項具體(ti)要(yao)求落地落實(shi)，深入(ru)開展《辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)》宣傳工作，同(tong)時加大(da)對電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)力(li)度(du)，對電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)成員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)嚴密(mi)監(jian)(jian)控，對于違法(fa)違規行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，要(yao)依法(fa)依規進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)嚴肅處理，形成有效的(de)(de)(de)震懾力(li)。”

值得一(yi)提(ti)的(de)(de)是，緊隨《辦法(fa)》之后，國家(jia)發改(gai)委又公布《電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)運行基本規則》（以下(xia)簡稱《規則》），結(jie)合《規則》，尹明分析：“我國電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)監管應根據(ju)各(ge)(ge)類(lei)型電(dian)力(li)(li)交易不(bu)(bu)同側重點，制(zhi)定(ding)相應的(de)(de)監管要(yao)點清單(dan)，做(zuo)好相關信息披露工作。同時，應結(jie)合各(ge)(ge)地(di)實(shi)際情(qing)況(kuang)，制(zhi)定(ding)判斷(duan)發電(dian)企(qi)業在(zai)各(ge)(ge)電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)中(zhong)是否濫用(yong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)位的(de)(de)標準(zhun)，不(bu)(bu)能采(cai)取‘一(yi)刀切(qie)’標準(zhun)。并(bing)應根據(ju)批發市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)和零售市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同特點，制(zhi)定(ding)兩類(lei)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)各(ge)(ge)自的(de)(de)監管清單(dan)或(huo)主要(yao)內容。再進(jin)一(yi)步細化(hua)對市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)干預與中(zhong)止(zhi)行為(wei)的(de)(de)監管要(yao)求，將能量化(hua)的(de)(de)標準(zhun)量化(hua)，減少人為(wei)因素影響。”

王永利也(ye)表示，應積(ji)極(ji)響應全(quan)國(guo)多層次(ci)統一(yi)電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)體系(xi)的建(jian)設要求，與最新版《規(gui)則》相銜接，規(gui)范電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)建(jian)設，維護(hu)電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)秩序(xu)，保障交易主體合法(fa)權益，為國(guo)家(jia)發改委(wei)、國(guo)家(jia)能源(yuan)局制修訂的一(yi)系(xi)列電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)基(ji)本(ben)規(gui)則等規(gui)范性文件提供(gong)依據(ju)。