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引言：

煤電(dian)容量電(dian)價(jia)政策的實(shi)施，預示著(zhu)熔(rong)(rong)鹽儲能(neng)技術將(jiang)成為(wei)電(dian)力市(shi)場的新(xin)動力源泉。兩部制(zhi)電(dian)價(jia)的推行(xing)不僅(jin)將(jiang)激發電(dian)力市(shi)場的新(xin)活(huo)力，還將(jiang)促使火(huo)電(dian)機組的運營(ying)模式和(he)能(neng)效(xiao)(xiao)標準迎(ying)來根本性變(bian)革。在這一大背景下(xia)，熔(rong)(rong)鹽儲能(neng)系統將(jiang)扮演關(guan)鍵角色，既提升火(huo)電(dian)機組的靈活(huo)性和(he)效(xiao)(xiao)率，又為(wei)可再生(sheng)能(neng)源的融入(ru)和(he)利用提供強有力的支撐(cheng)。

近日(ri)(ri)，國家發(fa)展和改革委(wei)員會與國家能源局聯合發(fa)布《關于建立煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)的通(tong)知》（簡(jian)稱《通(tong)知》），宣布自2024年1月(yue)1日(ri)(ri)起，在全(quan)國范圍內正式實施煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)，推行(xing)對煤電(dian)(dian)的兩部(bu)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策。在這一新(xin)機制(zhi)下，電(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)將繼續通(tong)過市場(chang)化機制(zhi)形成，靈活(huo)地反(fan)映電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)的供需(xu)關系及(ji)燃料成本(ben)的變化；而(er)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的水平則將依據(ju)電(dian)(dian)力行(xing)業轉(zhuan)型的實際進度等(deng)因素合理設定，并將根據(ju)需(xu)要進行(xing)逐步(bu)調整。

《通知》的(de)頒(ban)布標志著我國在實(shi)現“雙(shuang)碳”目標的(de)道(dao)路上邁(mai)出了堅實(shi)的(de)一步(bu)，它為可再生(sheng)能(neng)源電力更(geng)大規模地(di)并網提供了堅實(shi)的(de)技術和(he)經濟基礎，展示了國家在能(neng)源結構優化(hua)和(he)清潔能(neng)源發(fa)展上的(de)堅定決心。

政策解讀：

煤(mei)(mei)電容量電價機制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)旨在(zai)更精確反(fan)映煤(mei)(mei)電站運營(ying)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)電價結(jie)構。要(yao)(yao)理解這(zhe)一政策，我們需要(yao)(yao)從煤(mei)(mei)電的(de)經營(ying)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)著(zhu)手。在(zai)這(zhe)次公布的(de)機制(zhi)(zhi)中，煤(mei)(mei)電經營(ying)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)包括了(le)折舊費(fei)、人(ren)工(gong)費(fei)、修理費(fei)、財務費(fei)等固定成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)，以及燃煤(mei)(mei)等變動成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。在(zai)電力市場較為成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)國家，通(tong)常實(shi)行(xing)的(de)是(shi)(shi)兩部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)電價，這(zhe)種(zhong)結(jie)構下的(de)容量電價主要(yao)(yao)用于回收電廠(chang)的(de)固定成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)，而電量電價則(ze)主要(yao)(yao)用于回收變動成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。然而，在(zai)我國，煤(mei)(mei)電長期以來實(shi)行(xing)的(de)是(shi)(shi)單(dan)一制(zhi)(zhi)電價，這(zhe)意味著(zhu)煤(mei)(mei)電站只有在(zai)發電時(shi)才能回收成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。

兩(liang)部制電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)旨在公平有效(xiao)(xiao)地分攤電(dian)(dian)力(li)成本(ben)(ben)，鼓(gu)勵電(dian)(dian)力(li)行業(ye)朝著高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)環保方向發展。通(tong)過區(qu)分固(gu)定(ding)成本(ben)(ben)和(he)變動成本(ben)(ben)，更準確地反(fan)映煤電(dian)(dian)站運營情況，提高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)率，減少浪費(fei)，穩(wen)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場，為可(ke)再(zai)生能源和(he)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的可(ke)持(chi)續發展提供(gong)清晰價(jia)格信號。

這一政策背后有兩大關鍵考慮：

首先，國內新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快速增長，需要更(geng)多支(zhi)持(chi)性(xing)的(de)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基礎性(xing)支(zhi)撐(cheng)調(diao)節(jie)，以滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統的(de)調(diao)節(jie)需求。新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)具有(you)(you)波動(dong)性(xing)，需要更(geng)多調(diao)節(jie)性(xing)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，而煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)具有(you)(you)低成本(ben)和可調(diao)節(jie)性(xing)，適(shi)合提(ti)供充裕的(de)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力。煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在平(ping)時(shi)可為(wei)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)讓出空間，在高峰(feng)時(shi)刻(ke)繼續(xu)提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力支(zhi)持(chi)，促進新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)。其(qi)次，現行(xing)單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)難以充分體(ti)現煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)支(zhi)撐(cheng)調(diao)節(jie)價(jia)值。因此，煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)需要更(geng)好(hao)地回(hui)收成本(ben)，支(zhi)持(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統的(de)安全(quan)運行(xing)。實施煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制，通(tong)過容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)回(hui)收固(gu)(gu)定成本(ben)，有(you)(you)助于穩(wen)固(gu)(gu)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)，提(ti)供新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)所需的(de)支(zhi)持(chi)。這一舉措不僅支(zhi)持(chi)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規模擴大，還推動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統向(xiang)更(geng)環保和可持(chi)續(xu)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)轉變。

總的來說，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)(ji)制的實施(shi)(shi)在(zai)多方面有益，既穩固了煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業，也支持了新能(neng)源發(fa)展，促進(jin)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)向綠色低(di)碳方向的轉型。容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價的推出旨在(zai)激勵火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業提(ti)(ti)升其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)備用能(neng)力(li)(li)，同時也鼓勵火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)進(jin)行(xing)必要的靈活性改(gai)造(zao)。然而，獲(huo)得(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價的資格(ge)并非易事。伴隨(sui)這一(yi)政策的發(fa)布，還(huan)出臺了一(yi)系列配套措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，其(qi)中包括了明確的容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)考(kao)核(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制：若煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)無法遵循調度(du)指令提(ti)(ti)供(gong)其(qi)申(shen)報(bao)的最大(da)出力(li)(li)，將根據(ju)違(wei)規次數(shu)扣(kou)減(jian)其(qi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)；對于多次出力(li)(li)未(wei)達標并被扣(kou)減(jian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)，將取消其(qi)獲(huo)取容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)的資格(ge)。這表明，容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)的獲(huo)得(de)不(bu)僅要求煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)必要的容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)備用，同時也對機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)在(zai)負荷調峰深(shen)度(du)、響應速率、爬(pa)坡率等方面的能(neng)力(li)(li)提(ti)(ti)出了嚴格(ge)的考(kao)驗(yan)。

熔鹽儲能系統：加強火電靈活性，成就電力市場的新引擎

為了實現新(xin)型電(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)的(de)構建，新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)、電(dian)網(wang)輸配電(dian)、火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)均要完成(cheng)現有體系的(de)轉(zhuan)型。作為我國(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)供應“壓艙(cang)石”的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)，更(geng)是要起到既(ji)能(neng)靈活(huo)給(gei)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)讓路、又能(neng)快速、穩(wen)(wen)定保障電(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)穩(wen)(wen)定的(de)作用。今后，我國(guo)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)目標從過(guo)去的(de)“高效+清潔”，徹底轉(zhuan)變轉(zhuan)變為“靈活(huo)+低碳(tan)”，給(gei)現有火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)提出了嚴(yan)峻(jun)的(de)挑戰。

給火電(dian)機組(zu)配置(zhi)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)，是有效提高(gao)機組(zu)靈活性的(de)方(fang)法，在現行(xing)的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技術中，抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)最為成熟(shu)、經濟性最優，但(dan)抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)需要有天(tian)然的(de)水位(wei)差，有極大的(de)地理位(wei)置(zhi)限(xian)制；同(tong)樣受到地理位(wei)置(zhi)限(xian)制的(de)還有壓縮空(kong)氣(qi)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)；電(dian)化學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)是人(ren)們最熟(shu)悉的(de)一種儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)形(xing)式(shi)，但(dan)電(dian)化學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)也存在大規模(mo)應用(yong)的(de)難點：容量和功率(lv)強(qiang)耦合，同(tong)時電(dian)化學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)的(de)成本依(yi)然昂貴，且電(dian)池衰減問題也會(hui)進一步增大儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)經濟成本和系統(tong)不穩定性。

各類儲能技術對比：

熔(rong)鹽儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統是利用(yong)熔(rong)鹽的(de)(de)顯熱儲熱能(neng)(neng)力，儲存(cun)機組(zu)過(guo)剩的(de)(de)電能(neng)(neng)，熔(rong)鹽的(de)(de)使用(yong)溫(wen)度在200-565℃之間。電廠的(de)(de)主要產品是電能(neng)(neng)和蒸(zheng)汽，其中用(yong)于機組(zu)電力生產的(de)(de)蒸(zheng)汽溫(wen)度在250℃-560℃之間，對(dui)外供應蒸(zheng)汽溫(wen)度一般在250~400℃，熔(rong)鹽與蒸(zheng)汽的(de)(de)溫(wen)度區間適配性(xing)非常好(hao)。

在低負荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力時段，利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)設備加(jia)熱(re)低溫(wen)熔鹽，將(jiang)過(guo)剩電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)形式儲(chu)存(cun)，以(yi)此增加(jia)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)調(diao)峰深度(du)；在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力需求高峰期，高溫(wen)熔鹽儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)熱(re)量(liang)可(ke)以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)高溫(wen)蒸汽，輔助機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)生(sheng)產(chan)或完成對(dui)外供熱(re)任務(wu)，此外，通過(guo)調(diao)整電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)器的(de)輸入功率，可(ke)以(yi)實(shi)現火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)頻指令(ling)的(de)靈活(huo)響應(ying)。利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)裝(zhuang)置和(he)(he)熔鹽儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)的(de)結合，不僅顯著提升了(le)火(huo)(huo)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)單元適應(ying)大(da)規模可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源并網(wang)的(de)深度(du)調(diao)峰能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，還增加(jia)了(le)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)運行的(de)靈活(huo)性，加(jia)強了(le)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)實(shi)時響應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)頻、轉動慣量(liang)支撐等輔助服務(wu)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。熔鹽儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)的(de)引入有效(xiao)促進了(le)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)實(shi)現熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解耦，助力火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)以(yi)更高的(de)質量(liang)和(he)(he)更優(you)的(de)經濟(ji)效(xiao)益完成靈活(huo)性改造，從而(er)進一步提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)安(an)全穩定運行和(he)(he)可(ke)靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。

熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術是目前一種成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術，其具備(bei)(bei)大規(gui)(gui)模長(chang)時(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，且系統建設(she)對地形、環(huan)境均(jun)無特殊要求。借助(zhu)硝酸鹽(yan)(yan)等(deng)鹽(yan)(yan)類熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化后形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)融體(ti)作(zuo)為(wei)介質的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術，通過熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)融鹽(yan)(yan)內能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉換實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)和釋(shi)放。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)融鹽(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)具備(bei)(bei)了(le)溫度高(gao)、傳熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)好(hao)、比熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容(rong)大、熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)等(deng)優點，與(yu)(yu)其他儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術相比具有很大優越性(xing)(xing)(xing)，且熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)易于獲取(qu)，具有良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)。系統整體(ti)運(yun)行(xing)壽命可達30年，且對周圍環(huan)境不會造成(cheng)(cheng)任何危(wei)害。在(zai)光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)領域已經(jing)取(qu)得成(cheng)(cheng)功運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)，如(ru)青海中控德令哈50MW塔式(shi)光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目配備(bei)(bei)了(le)50 MW/350MWh的(de)(de)(de)(de)7h的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統，自2021年8月(yue)6日（汽輪機(ji)完成(cheng)(cheng)整改后）至2022年8月(yue)5日，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)完整年度累(lei)計實際發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)達到了(le)1.58億千瓦時(shi)。國外的(de)(de)(de)(de)光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)應(ying)用案例也很多，如(ru)美國Crescent Dunes電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（110MW，全球首個百(bai)MW級塔式(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)），摩洛哥NOOR 3電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（150MW，全球最(zui)大單機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)塔式(shi)光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)）、阿聯(lian)酋(qiu)迪拜太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)園區第四期(qi)700MW光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目等(deng)。據此來看，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系統所具備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大規(gui)(gui)模長(chang)時(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、無地理(li)條(tiao)件限制、運(yun)行(xing)穩定、可參與(yu)(yu)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組深度調(diao)峰、調(diao)頻(pin)等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輔助(zhu)服務，非(fei)常適合(he)作(zuo)為(wei)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組所配備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大規(gui)(gui)模儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系統。

結語：

時代的(de)(de)洪流滾滾前行，過往已(yi)逝，未來將(jiang)至。在我(wo)國邁向(xiang)“雙(shuang)碳”目標的(de)(de)征程中，電(dian)力系統正經歷著(zhu)深刻的(de)(de)轉型(xing)。在這一變革的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)時刻，熔鹽儲(chu)能(neng)技(ji)術以其(qi)對(dui)火電(dian)機(ji)組靈活性改造的(de)(de)卓越適(shi)配能(neng)力脫穎而出，為(wei)我(wo)國電(dian)力市場向(xiang)綠色、低碳方(fang)向(xiang)轉型(xing)注入動力源泉！