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----生物質電廠助力新型電力系統建設高質量發展路徑

伴隨著間歇性風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏等可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)大(da)規(gui)模高(gao)比(bi)例的(de)裝機，為完整、準確、全面(mian)貫徹黨(dang)的(de)二十大(da)精神，加速構建(jian)新(xin)(xin)發展(zhan)格局，全面(mian)助(zhu)力(li)(li)推進能(neng)源(yuan)革命、構建(jian)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)體系、推動能(neng)源(yuan)綠色發展(zhan)。其中構建(jian)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)的(de)儲能(neng)調峰(feng)支撐電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是目(mu)前最緊迫(po)的(de)工作(zuo)，如何充分(fen)利(li)用好國(guo)內已建(jian)和(he)在建(jian)的(de)生物質電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)，通過耦合(he)熔鹽儲能(neng)供(gong)熱(re)和(he)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術優勢，實(shi)現生物質電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠的(de)多功能(neng)綜合(he)智(zhi)慧利(li)用，達(da)到調峰(feng)調頻穩定供(gong)熱(re)供(gong)暖的(de)目(mu)標，實(shi)現生物質電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠高(gao)質量延(yan)壽發展(zhan)并(bing)發揮更大(da)功能(neng)助(zhu)力(li)(li)構建(jian)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)的(de)建(jian)設。

生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)作(zuo)為重要的可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，同樣是(shi)國際(ji)公(gong)認(ren)的零碳可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，具有綠(lv)色、低碳、清潔等特點(dian)。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)來源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)廣(guang)泛，包括農(nong)業(ye)廢棄物(wu)(wu)、木材和森林廢棄物(wu)(wu)、城市有機(ji)垃圾、藻類生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)以(yi)及能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)等。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)通(tong)過發電(dian)、供熱、供氣(qi)等方(fang)式，廣(guang)泛應用于工業(ye)、農(nong)業(ye)、交通(tong)、生(sheng)活等多個領域，是(shi)其他可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)無法替代的。若(ruo)結合BECCS（生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與碳捕獲和儲存）技(ji)術，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)將創造負(fu)碳排放(fang)。在(zai)未來，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)將在(zai)各個領域為我國2030年碳達峰、2060年發布版碳中(zhong)和做出巨大減(jian)排貢獻。

圖1：生物質耦合熔鹽儲能(neng)調峰(feng)電站(zhan)示意圖（網(wang)絡(luo)圖片）

目(mu)前國(guo)家對生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)直燃發電(dian)(dian)(dian)行業在(zai)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和(he)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量等(deng)多方面都給予了較大的支(zhi)持和(he)鼓(gu)勵力(li)(li)(li)度。雖(sui)然近年來(lai)我國(guo)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源的發展很快(kuai)，但與傳統能(neng)(neng)(neng)源相比，總(zong)(zong)體規(gui)模還是(shi)很小(xiao)，在(zai)我國(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源結(jie)構中所占比例還很低(di)。截至(zhi)2020底，我國(guo)已投產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)并網(wang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容量2952萬(wan)千(qian)瓦，年提供(gong)的清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)1100億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦時(shi)。根據現有溫室氣體減(jian)排(pai)方法學進行測算，已有項(xiang)目(mu)自愿減(jian)排(pai)量超(chao)(chao)過(guo)8600萬(wan)噸(dun)。盡(jin)管生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)遠高于風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)等(deng)其他可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)，但是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)輸出(chu)穩定，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)調(diao)峰，如果與儲熱結(jie)合，更能(neng)(neng)(neng)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市場的深度調(diao)峰，未來(lai)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)交易市場獲取(qu)輔助(zhu)服務、備用容量、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)現貨交易等(deng)受益的同時(shi)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠靈活(huo)參(can)與熱力(li)(li)(li)市場，提供(gong)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)熱力(li)(li)(li)。預測到(dao)2030年我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容量達到(dao)5200萬(wan)千(qian)瓦，提供(gong)的清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)3300億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦時(shi)，碳減(jian)排(pai)量超(chao)(chao)過(guo)2.3億(yi)(yi)噸(dun)。到(dao)2060年，我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容量達到(dao)10000萬(wan)千(qian)瓦，提供(gong)的清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)6600億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦時(shi)，碳減(jian)排(pai)量超(chao)(chao)過(guo)4.6億(yi)(yi)噸(dun)。

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)清潔(jie)供(gong)熱(re)主(zhu)要用于工(gong)業(ye)(ye)園區、工(gong)業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)、商(shang)業(ye)(ye)設施、公共服務設施、農村(cun)居民采暖等(deng)供(gong)熱(re)領域，主(zhu)要供(gong)熱(re)方(fang)式有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)熱(re)電聯產(chan)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)鍋爐(lu)(lu)集中供(gong)熱(re)、戶用鍋爐(lu)(lu)爐(lu)(lu)具等(deng)。根據統計(ji)，目前我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)清潔(jie)供(gong)暖面積(ji)超過3億㎡。從生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)成型燃(ran)料(liao)統計(ji)口(kou)徑看，其每年產(chan)量(liang)超過1100萬噸。從現有以(yi)燃(ran)用各(ge)類生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)鍋爐(lu)(lu)，額定蒸(zheng)發量(liang)小于65t/h口(kou)徑統計(ji)，鍋爐(lu)(lu)數量(liang)超過1.6萬臺(tai)，總額定蒸(zheng)發量(liang)達到8.3萬噸。

圖(tu)2：生物(wu)質電站的工藝參(can)考圖(tu)（網(wang)絡圖(tu)片(pian)）

綜合各(ge)類數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，預(yu)計目前全國生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)供(gong)熱量(liang)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)3億(yi)GJ，自愿減(jian)排量(liang)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)3000萬(wan)噸(dun)。根(gen)據(ju)(ju)目前清(qing)潔供(gong)暖工作的(de)持續推進，預(yu)計未來(lai)生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)清(qing)潔取暖面積將超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)10億(yi)㎡。在工業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)領域，根(gen)據(ju)(ju)對全國燃煤鍋(guo)爐的(de)統計，目前額定蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)量(liang)≤130t/h的(de)燃煤鍋(guo)爐數(shu)量(liang)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)1.7萬(wan)臺，總額定蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)量(liang)達到52萬(wan)t/h，假(jia)設到2030年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)清(qing)潔供(gong)熱能夠(gou)替代(dai)燃煤鍋(guo)爐的(de)50%，生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)鍋(guo)爐總蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)量(liang)將超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)34萬(wan)噸(dun)。綜合各(ge)類數(shu)據(ju)(ju)進行推算，預(yu)計2030年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)年(nian)供(gong)熱量(liang)將超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)24億(yi)吉焦，碳減(jian)排量(liang)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)2.4億(yi)噸(dun)。

熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)是暫時把多余熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)量(liang)通過某種方法儲(chu)存(cun)起來(lai)，待(dai)需要熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)量(liang)時提取(qu)使用的(de)一種供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)，儲(chu)能(neng)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)可以(yi)(yi)分(fen)為顯熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)儲(chu)能(neng)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)、潛熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)儲(chu)能(neng)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)、化學反(fan)應熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)儲(chu)能(neng)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)三類(lei)。熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)作(zuo)為顯熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)儲(chu)能(neng)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)一種，以(yi)(yi)熔(rong)(rong)融(rong)(rong)態液體無(wu)機(ji)鹽(yan)(yan)作(zuo)為儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介質(zhi)進行(xing)儲(chu)放熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，其具有導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)高(gao)（導(dao)電(dian)率較電(dian)解質(zhi)溶液高(gao)1個數量(liang)級）、使用溫(wen)(wen)度(du)范圍(wei)廣(guang)（通常的(de)熔(rong)(rong)融(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)使用溫(wen)(wen)度(du)在300-600℃之間，新(xin)研發的(de)低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)點混合熔(rong)(rong)融(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)使用溫(wen)(wen)度(du)可擴大(da)至60-1000℃）、飽和(he)蒸氣壓低(di)(di)（保證了高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)下熔(rong)(rong)融(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)設備的(de)安全性(xing)）、熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容量(liang)大(da)、低(di)(di)粘(zhan)度(du)、化學穩定(ding)性(xing)好(hao)及原(yuan)料價格低(di)(di)廉等優(you)勢。

熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)供熱(re)系(xi)統主要(yao)由熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)材(cai)料、熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)罐(guan)(guan)、熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)泵(beng)、電加熱(re)器、換(huan)熱(re)器、除氧(yang)器、控制系(xi)統、水泵(beng)以及管道閥門等(deng)組成。如圖3所(suo)示，熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統采(cai)用冷熱(re)熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)雙罐(guan)(guan)設(she)計(ji)，根據不同的運行(xing)模(mo)式，通過改變熔融鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)流向來調整(zheng)系(xi)統儲(chu)(chu)放熱(re)，是目前比(bi)較成熟的熔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)供熱(re)系(xi)統之一(yi)。

圖(tu)3：熔鹽(yan)儲能(neng)雙罐設計(ji)系統（網絡圖(tu)片）

新時代新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統的(de)構建，需(xu)要(yao)更大規模的(de)靈活性(xing)(xing)調峰調頻穩定供熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)一(yi)樣，都是(shi)（近）零碳(tan)排放(fang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方式，而(er)且(qie)前者本身具(ju)有風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所沒有的(de)優勢(shi)，即在(zai)自(zi)然界，年度循環產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)農林固體剩余物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)量比較穩定，燃料可(ke)(ke)以運(yun)輸儲存以便常(chang)年比較均(jun)衡地(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)大型高(gao)效熔鹽(yan)儲能耦合生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)燃料發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)實(shi)現生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)一(yi)種多功能應用(yong)(yong)先(xian)進(jin)技術，不僅可(ke)(ke)以大幅度提(ti)(ti)高(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率，節約生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，而(er)且(qie)可(ke)(ke)以明顯消納風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏的(de)棄風(feng)(feng)棄光量，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)熔鹽(yan)儲能及生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)耦合發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)更大靈活性(xing)(xing)，從而(er)加強生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)可(ke)(ke)持續性(xing)(xing)，是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)走向低(di)碳(tan)化、延長壽(shou)命、增加利(li)用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)時數、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮靈活性(xing)(xing)一(yi)條現實(shi)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)的(de)路徑(jing)。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)耦合熔鹽(yan)儲能發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)供熱，是(shi)高(gao)效率低(di)排放(fang)具(ju)有更高(gao)靈活性(xing)(xing)的(de)火(huo)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其本質(zhi)是(shi)可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)一(yi)種先(xian)進(jin)形式，和(he)(he)不可(ke)(ke)控的(de)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不同，對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全和(he)(he)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)供應，支持和(he)(he)消納風(feng)(feng)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)起著調節和(he)(he)保(bao)障作用(yong)(yong)。而(er)且(qie)，需(xu)要(yao)強調的(de)是(shi)，現在(zai)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)逐漸(jian)去(qu)補貼化后，需(xu)要(yao)積(ji)極(ji)融入新型儲能調峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站中來，為(wei)構建新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮更大的(de)功能。

生(sheng)物質電(dian)(dian)廠耦合(he)熔鹽儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)供熱和發(fa)電(dian)(dian)技術優勢明(ming)顯，增(zeng)加(jia)盈利(li)性(xing)是直接可(ke)見的(de)效益，延長(chang)壽命增(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)利(li)用率，更(geng)大靈活(huo)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)調(diao)峰能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，解決原(yuan)料(liao)受限(xian)沒法(fa)安(an)全(quan)穩定運行難題，擁抱新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)揮更(geng)大靈活(huo)性(xing)的(de)優勢，資源化綜合(he)利(li)用率更(geng)高(gao)(gao)，助力(li)構建新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)系(xi)，促進新(xin)型能(neng)(neng)(neng)源體(ti)系(xi)的(de)高(gao)(gao)質量發(fa)展。

目前(qian)，國(guo)網生物(wu)發電(dian)(dian)集團隸(li)屬于國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)網綜(zong)合能(neng)源集團，擁有裝機113.5萬千瓦，加上(shang)電(dian)(dian)網的資源優勢(shi)應該(gai)是(shi)(shi)最(zui)具備(bei)全部(bu)生物(wu)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)改(gai)造為生物(wu)質(zhi)熔(rong)鹽儲能(neng)調(diao)峰電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的條件(jian)。可能(neng)比(bi)較遺憾的是(shi)(shi)近期全部(bu)生物(wu)質(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)項目管(guan)理權移交給了(le)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)投集團，或許會加速生物(wu)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)耦合熔(rong)鹽儲能(neng)轉型為儲能(neng)調(diao)峰電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的步伐(fa)，更需要電(dian)(dian)網調(diao)峰整(zheng)體的協作支撐，更能(neng)夠給單純生物(wu)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)虧(kui)損(sun)的現(xian)實帶來新(xin)(xin)的生命(ming)力，以(yi)及(ji)新(xin)(xin)時代生物(wu)質(zhi)熔(rong)鹽儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的高質(zhi)量發展(zhan)之路。

注：本文由王工（13810518839）供稿，歡迎行業朋友聯系交流。