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隨著全球能(neng)源(yuan)互聯網建設(she)的推進，光伏、風電(dian)(dian)等可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)將(jiang)會迎(ying)來高速(su)發(fa)展。而“十四五”期間將(jiang)是(shi)我(wo)國實現碳達峰的關鍵期，可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)比例將(jiang)持續(xu)提升，最(zui)終取代(dai)火(huo)(huo)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)成為主力(li)能(neng)源(yuan)。在火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)比逐漸下降、承(cheng)擔深度(du)調峰壓(ya)力(li)巨大(da)的新形勢下，儲能(neng)技(ji)術無疑是(shi)有(you)效(xiao)緩解大(da)規(gui)模可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)并(bing)網壓(ya)力(li)的一種有(you)效(xiao)技(ji)術手段。

儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術涉及領域(yu)非常廣泛，按儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)方式(shi)(shi)可分(fen)(fen)為抽水蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、壓縮空氣儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、飛(fei)輪(lun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、重力儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、電池儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、蓄(xu)熱(re)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等，按應用(yong)(yong)(yong)場景則可分(fen)(fen)為電網側儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、電源(yuan)側儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶側儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。電源(yuan)側儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)主要包括集中(zhong)式(shi)(shi)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)、調頻輔助服(fu)務(wu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)、調峰輔助服(fu)務(wu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)3種(zhong)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)模式(shi)(shi)，在(zai)各種(zhong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)方式(shi)(shi)中(zhong)，除傳統的抽水蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以外均可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于電源(yuan)側儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。儲(chu)(chu)(chu)熱(re)技術具(ju)有(you)更強的調節能(neng)(neng)(neng)力和持續供(gong)給(gei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，在(zai)電源(yuan)側儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)中(zhong)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)十(shi)分(fen)(fen)廣泛。

純太陽能光熱發電

在純(chun)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)領域(yu)，儲(chu)(chu)熱是核心技術之一(yi)。目前，國(guo)際上已經建(jian)成(cheng)運行和正在建(jian)設的(de)純(chun)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站大多(duo)配置了儲(chu)(chu)熱系統(tong)(tong)(tong)。用于光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)熱系統(tong)(tong)(tong)以熔融鹽儲(chu)(chu)熱為主，儲(chu)(chu)熱溫度可達500℃以上。儲(chu)(chu)熱系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)引入進一(yi)步(bu)提高(gao)了純(chun)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)中太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)貢(gong)獻度，優(you)化了系統(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，以50MW太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)光(guang)熱塔(ta)式發電(dian)(dian)(dian)項目為例，有研究(jiu)者分析了是否配備儲(chu)(chu)熱系統(tong)(tong)(tong)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)站性(xing)(xing)能(neng)情況。可見，配備儲(chu)(chu)熱系統(tong)(tong)(tong)時的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站性(xing)(xing)能(neng)明顯優(you)于無儲(chu)(chu)熱系統(tong)(tong)(tong)。

圖：50MW光熱發電機組搭配儲熱前后性能對比

太陽能光熱-化石燃料互補發電

純太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)以實現完全清潔發(fa)電(dian)(dian)，但對(dui)設備(bei)要求較高且裝機(ji)容量(liang)受限，因此有研究者設計了(le)(le)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)與化(hua)(hua)石(shi)燃料(liao)(liao)互(hu)補(bu)(bu)的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)技術。太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)與化(hua)(hua)石(shi)燃料(liao)(liao)熱互(hu)補(bu)(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)做到了(le)(le)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)光熱和化(hua)(hua)石(shi)燃料(liao)(liao)的(de)取長(chang)補(bu)(bu)短，一方(fang)面(mian)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)燃料(liao)(liao)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)的(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性可(ke)以在一定(ding)程度上平(ping)抑太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)輻照頻繁(fan)波(bo)動對(dui)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)側發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)影響；另一方(fang)面(mian)由(you)于耦合了(le)(le)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)，可(ke)以有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)減少傳統(tong)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)的(de)消耗并改善環境(jing)問題，也有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)解決(jue)了(le)(le)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)利(li)用不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)和發(fa)電(dian)(dian)成本(ben)高等問題。因此，太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)與化(hua)(hua)石(shi)燃料(liao)(liao)互(hu)補(bu)(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)是目前解決(jue)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)高效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)利(li)用的(de)重點(dian)發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)向。

圖：配置儲熱的太陽能-燃煤熱互補發電機組

太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)互(hu)補(bu)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)同(tong)樣需(xu)要搭(da)配儲熱(re)。一方面(mian)，儲熱(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)與(yu)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)-化石能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)熱(re)互(hu)補(bu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)相結合(he)，可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)利用率，進(jin)一步節省化石燃料消耗(hao)量，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)整(zheng)個機(ji)組經(jing)濟性(xing)，另一方面(mian)，熱(re)互(hu)補(bu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)總(zong)運行(xing)時長將大幅(fu)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)，且可(ke)使太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)側(ce)的輸出保持穩定(ding)，有(you)利于(yu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的安全(quan)性(xing)和高(gao)(gao)效性(xing)。有(you)科研人員對搭(da)配儲熱(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)-燃煤熱(re)互(hu)補(bu)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組進(jin)行(xing)了建模計算，根(gen)據測算結果，一套660MW光熱(re)互(hu)補(bu)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組在搭(da)配雙罐熔融(rong)鹽(yan)儲熱(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)后，最(zui)高(gao)(gao)可(ke)節約煤15.55%，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)熱(re)電(dian)效率3.3%。

搭配儲熱裝置的熱電聯產

熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)(lian)產(chan)是最早將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)側儲熱(re)(re)(re)投入實際生產(chan)的領域。由(you)于存(cun)在峰谷差(cha)，熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)(lian)產(chan)機組受(shou)供熱(re)(re)(re)限(xian)制而不能(neng)(neng)(neng)充分(fen)投入運行，導(dao)致熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)調(diao)度無法高(gao)效運行，故(gu)機組調(diao)峰能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)被(bei)“以(yi)(yi)熱(re)(re)(re)定電(dian)(dian)”限(xian)制，將(jiang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)(lian)產(chan)技(ji)術與儲熱(re)(re)(re)技(ji)術相結合，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有效降(jiang)低用能(neng)(neng)(neng)峰谷差(cha)，減少一次能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗。此外(wai)，儲熱(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統可(ke)以(yi)(yi)實現(xian)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)(lian)產(chan)機組的熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)解耦，提高(gao)了冬季取暖期(qi)的調(diao)峰能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。目(mu)前(qian)，國內(nei)外(wai)的熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)(lian)產(chan)機組已普(pu)遍(bian)使(shi)用以(yi)(yi)水蓄(xu)熱(re)(re)(re)技(ji)術為主(zhu)的儲熱(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置。

圖：配置儲熱的熱電聯產機組

根據對(dui)我(wo)國目前在運的北(bei)方(fang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯產(chan)機(ji)(ji)組的數據分析，配(pei)(pei)置儲熱(re)(re)系(xi)統的機(ji)(ji)組調(diao)峰能力(li)均有大幅度提(ti)高。北(bei)方(fang)地區(qu)的一臺300MW熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯產(chan)機(ji)(ji)組，在配(pei)(pei)備儲熱(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置后(hou)調(diao)峰容(rong)量從15.5%提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)至(zhi)37%，最大電(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)了(le)64.6MW。

電源側儲熱需擴大產業規模技術提升是關鍵

儲(chu)熱(re)技術是具有廣(guang)闊發(fa)(fa)展前景的(de)(de)(de)(de)節能(neng)技術。電力(li)體制改(gai)革和“雙(shuang)碳”目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)出給(gei)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)行(xing)業帶來了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)機遇和挑戰，隨著新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機占比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)升(sheng)，電源(yuan)(yuan)側調(diao)峰(feng)能(neng)力(li)受(shou)到了(le)(le)更高的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。儲(chu)熱(re)技術在電源(yuan)(yuan)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)能(neng)做(zuo)到兼顧調(diao)峰(feng)和能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)清(qing)潔化，是未來我國電力(li)系統(tong)(tong)不可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成部(bu)分。除了(le)(le)上(shang)文提(ti)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)光熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電和熱(re)電聯產(chan)領域之外(wai)，電源(yuan)(yuan)側儲(chu)熱(re)技術還可應用(yong)于多能(neng)互(hu)補系統(tong)(tong)等其(qi)他(ta)新型能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)(tong)，打造全面、穩定、清(qing)潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服務。

另(ling)一方面，以(yi)光熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)為主(zhu)(zhu)的電(dian)源側儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)裝(zhuang)機容量提(ti)升(sheng)緩慢，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)原因是受到(dao)現有(you)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的限制。從(cong)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)介質(zhi)而(er)言(yan)，需要(yao)(yao)尋找兼顧儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)溫度(du)、儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)密度(du)和(he)傳熱(re)(re)(re)能(neng)力(li)的優(you)質(zhi)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)材料，從(cong)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)方式而(er)言(yan)，顯熱(re)(re)(re)/潛熱(re)(re)(re)混合儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)能(neng)降(jiang)低(di)系統(tong)成本、提(ti)升(sheng)熱(re)(re)(re)效率，從(cong)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)系統(tong)設計而(er)言(yan)，優(you)化系統(tong)設計能(neng)大(da)幅度(du)降(jiang)低(di)成本并提(ti)高系統(tong)安全性。因此，儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的提(ti)升(sheng)是行業(ye)發(fa)展關鍵，只(zhi)有(you)研發(fa)了更多新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，才能(neng)讓(rang)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)在電(dian)源側的應用更加成熟。