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作者：張寧1 余揚昊1 杜爾順2 康重慶1（1.清華大學電機系；2.清華大學低碳實驗室）

在我國能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)安(an)全(quan)與碳減排壓力(li)(li)(li)下，風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)還(huan)將繼(ji)續快速增(zeng)長，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統逐步走向高(gao)(gao)(gao)比(bi)(bi)例(li)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)新時代，高(gao)(gao)(gao)比(bi)(bi)例(li)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)強波動性(xing)(xing)與隨機(ji)性(xing)(xing)將對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統靈活(huo)性(xing)(xing)提出(chu)更(geng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)要求，其通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)裝置(zhi)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)也將帶來系(xi)統低慣量與安(an)全(quan)穩定問題，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統為(wei)消納(na)高(gao)(gao)(gao)比(bi)(bi)例(li)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)將付出(chu)成(cheng)本。光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術集發電(dian)(dian)(dian)與大(da)容量儲能(neng)(neng)為(wei)一身，是具有靈活(huo)調(diao)節能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。在高(gao)(gao)(gao)比(bi)(bi)例(li)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)下能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)發揮調(diao)峰(feng)、調(diao)頻(pin)、備用(yong)(yong)等作用(yong)(yong)，同(tong)時其通過同(tong)步機(ji)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)，同(tong)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)一樣能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)在高(gao)(gao)(gao)比(bi)(bi)例(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統中承(cheng)擔(dan)“壓艙石”的(de)(de)角色，綜合技術經濟性(xing)(xing)優于現(xian)有其他技術選擇(ze)。未來光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)應作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統重要的(de)(de)清潔靈活(huo)調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，成(cheng)為(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)比(bi)(bi)例(li)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)基地(di)不可(ke)或(huo)缺(que)的(de)(de)技術選擇(ze)。

一、背景

（一）我(wo)國碳(tan)減排承諾以及(ji)可再生能源(yuan)戰(zhan)略

習近平總書記2020年9月22日在第七十五屆聯合國大(da)會一(yi)般性(xing)辯論上發(fa)表(biao)重要(yao)(yao)講話(hua)，提出“中國將提高(gao)國家自主貢獻力(li)度，采取(qu)更加有(you)力(li)的政策和措施，二氧化碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放力(li)爭(zheng)于2030年前(qian)達到峰(feng)值，努力(li)爭(zheng)取(qu)2060年前(qian)實現碳(tan)(tan)(tan)中和”的碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放目標，強(qiang)調了生(sheng)態文明建設和綠(lv)色低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)發(fa)展。2060碳(tan)(tan)(tan)中和目標，具(ju)體落實在電力(li)行業(ye)，就(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)加快促進電能生(sheng)產的低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)轉型，充分(fen)發(fa)揮風力(li)發(fa)電與太(tai)陽能發(fa)電的裝機(ji)潛力(li)，向高(gao)比(bi)例(li)可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)以(yi)及零碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放電力(li)系統邁(mai)進。

2019年(nian)我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)源總(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)20.1億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)，非(fei)化(hua)石能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)42%，其中風力發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)10.4%，太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)10.1%，裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容量(liang)(liang)雙(shuang)雙(shuang)突破2億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)。2019年(nian)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)總(zong)(zong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)7.3萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時，非(fei)化(hua)石能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)32%。國(guo)家發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展改(gai)革(ge)(ge)委(wei)、國(guo)家能(neng)(neng)源局發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)布的(de)《能(neng)(neng)源生產和消費革(ge)(ge)命戰略（2016-2030）》（發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)基礎(chu)〔2016〕2795號），提(ti)出(chu)到(dao)2030年(nian)非(fei)化(hua)石能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)比(bi)(bi)重力爭要達到(dao)50%。預計(ji)到(dao)2050年(nian)，我國(guo)太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)達到(dao)21.6億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)達到(dao)41%，風電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)達到(dao)14.4億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)27%1。未(wei)來的(de)幾十年(nian)內，我國(guo)的(de)風電(dian)(dian)光伏總(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容量(liang)(liang)及其占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)都將(jiang)(jiang)有顯著提(ti)升，對(dui)系統(tong)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)、安全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定性(xing)以(yi)及經濟(ji)性(xing)等(deng)都提(ti)出(chu)了全(quan)(quan)新的(de)挑戰，具體表現為：（1）電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)調峰能(neng)(neng)力不足引起大量(liang)(liang)棄(qi)風棄(qi)光；（2）風電(dian)(dian)光伏通過電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子裝(zhuang)置并網帶來系統(tong)低(di)慣量(liang)(liang)以(yi)及諧(xie)振穩(wen)定性(xing)等(deng)問題；（3）風電(dian)(dian)光伏間歇性(xing)降低(di)了輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)線路以(yi)及常規機(ji)(ji)組(zu)利用小時數，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)資源投資效率逐漸降低(di)。

（二）光熱發電技術(shu)特點

太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電技術是光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電之外的(de)另一種太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電技術。光(guang)熱(re)電站(zhan)一般由聚光(guang)集熱(re)環(huan)節(jie)、儲熱(re)環(huan)節(jie)以及發(fa)電環(huan)節(jie)三個部分構成，中間通(tong)過導熱(re)油等工質進(jin)行能(neng)量的(de)傳遞。

光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)首先(xian)通過聚(ju)光(guang)集(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)環節(jie)(jie)中(zhong)的(de)鏡場反射太(tai)陽光(guang)至(zhi)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)集(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器進(jin)行(xing)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)的(de)采集(ji)，進(jin)而加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)導熱(re)(re)(re)(re)工質(zhi)，再通過換熱(re)(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置利用集(ji)中(zhong)的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)形成高壓過熱(re)(re)(re)(re)蒸汽(qi)，以推(tui)動汽(qi)輪機進(jin)行(xing)發(fa)電(dian)。光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)站(zhan)一(yi)般還會(hui)同時建(jian)設大容量的(de)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，既保證了熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)的(de)高效接收與集(ji)中(zhong)存儲(chu)，同時也使得光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)站(zhan)本身具(ju)有了儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)的(de)特(te)性(xing)(xing)。光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)站(zhan)在本身實現(xian)收集(ji)太(tai)陽輻照(zhao)進(jin)行(xing)可再生能(neng)(neng)源出(chu)力的(de)同時，又可以進(jin)行(xing)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)的(de)長時間存儲(chu)，為自(zi)身提供出(chu)力可調(diao)節(jie)(jie)性(xing)(xing)，應對(dui)光(guang)照(zhao)資源的(de)間歇性(xing)(xing)與不確(que)定性(xing)(xing)，并為電(dian)網提供靈活性(xing)(xing)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)空間。

二、光熱發電的技術經濟優勢：以靈活可再生能源消納間歇性可再生能源

（一）光熱發(fa)電靈活性(xing)促進高比例可再生能(neng)源消納

光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)通(tong)過大(da)規模儲熱(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)夠促進風電(dian)光(guang)伏的(de)消納。裝備十(shi)余小時的(de)大(da)容量儲熱(re)(re)的(de)光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)不僅能(neng)(neng)夠實(shi)現其自身的(de)平穩發(fa)電(dian)，還能(neng)(neng)夠為高(gao)比(bi)例(li)風電(dian)光(guang)伏進行調峰(feng)。靈(ling)活(huo)的(de)光(guang)熱(re)(re)出(chu)(chu)力將很好(hao)地平抑新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)出(chu)(chu)力的(de)波動，通(tong)過削峰(feng)填谷，大(da)大(da)增強可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納能(neng)(neng)力，降(jiang)低(di)棄(qi)風棄(qi)光(guang)。光(guang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)站與風電(dian)光(guang)伏等可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)打捆能(neng)(neng)夠實(shi)現100%可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)穩定出(chu)(chu)力，對于實(shi)現高(gao)比(bi)例(li)可再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)西電(dian)東送(song)具(ju)有重要意(yi)義。

光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)為風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏出力(li)不確定(ding)(ding)性(xing)提(ti)供(gong)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)。風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏出力(li)的(de)(de)不確定(ding)(ding)性(xing)使(shi)其對電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統產(chan)生額外(wai)的(de)(de)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)需求，隨著電(dian)(dian)站裝機容量的(de)(de)逐年增長(chang)，系統的(de)(de)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)需求也將日益(yi)增長(chang)。目前風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏的(de)(de)不確定(ding)(ding)性(xing)主要是依靠火電(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)或者儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)提(ti)供(gong)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)，在未來高比例可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)場(chang)景下，新(xin)建(jian)火電(dian)(dian)機組來匹配日益(yi)增長(chang)的(de)(de)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)需求不再(zai)具有可(ke)持(chi)續性(xing)。相較(jiao)之下，光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠提(ti)供(gong)同(tong)步旋轉備(bei)用(yong)(yong)，進而降低(di)全系統對電(dian)(dian)網備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)總體需求。

光熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站能(neng)夠(gou)參與(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻輔助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)。與(yu)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組類似，光熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)環節(jie)是(shi)通過蒸(zheng)汽輪機(ji)(ji)旋(xuan)轉發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，具有較強(qiang)的短(duan)時出力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)，可以參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統一次與(yu)二(er)次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻。光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的啟動(dong)時間、爬(pa)坡能(neng)力(li)(li)等性(xing)能(neng)都近似甚至優于燃煤機(ji)(ji)組，另外(wai)儲(chu)熱(re)環節(jie)使得其出力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)范圍(wei)更廣(guang)，參與(yu)輔助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)的能(neng)力(li)(li)更強(qiang)。光熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站可以在(zai)未滿出力(li)(li)的運行(xing)狀況下，提(ti)供調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻輔助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)，并(bing)在(zai)將來逐步開(kai)放輔助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)市場，或者(zhe)提(ti)供輔助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)補償時，獲取輔助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)服務(wu)(wu)收益。

光熱發電(dian)在連續多日無(wu)風(feng)無(wu)光的(de)場景下能(neng)夠為(wei)系(xi)統(tong)提(ti)(ti)供緊(jin)(jin)急(ji)備用(yong)，降(jiang)低常規(gui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)需(xu)求。高(gao)比例可再生能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)中連續的(de)極(ji)端(duan)氣候條件可能(neng)使得系(xi)統(tong)出現較大的(de)功(gong)率缺(que)額。此時光熱發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)可以作為(wei)應急(ji)保障發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)使用(yong)天(tian)然氣發電(dian)。要實現這種發電(dian)方式，只需(xu)要具備天(tian)然氣供給條件并配置備用(yong)的(de)天(tian)然氣加(jia)熱爐即(ji)可，改造成(cheng)本(ben)低。通過光熱電(dian)站配合燃氣加(jia)熱提(ti)(ti)供緊(jin)(jin)急(ji)時段的(de)備用(yong)，可以降(jiang)低對緊(jin)(jin)急(ji)備用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)容量的(de)需(xu)求，從系(xi)統(tong)層面降(jiang)低裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)備用(yong)。

（二(er)）光(guang)熱(re)發電技術紓解低慣(guan)量(liang)電力系統穩定性難題

光(guang)熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環節(jie)工(gong)作原理(li)(li)是通過高壓過熱蒸汽(qi)推動汽(qi)輪機(ji)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其(qi)物理(li)(li)本(ben)質仍然是同(tong)步(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，為系(xi)統(tong)提供(gong)(gong)了可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動慣(guan)量(liang)(liang)。常(chang)規風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏并(bing)網(wang)(wang)所使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子裝置與(yu)同(tong)步(bu)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性差(cha)別較大，將會(hui)帶(dai)(dai)來較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慣(guan)量(liang)(liang)缺額(e)，隨之而來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)應對(dui)功率不平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)下(xia)滑，并(bing)帶(dai)(dai)來一系(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率穩(wen)定(ding)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓穩(wen)定(ding)問題(ti)。目(mu)前系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慣(guan)量(liang)(liang)主要(yao)是由常(chang)規火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等同(tong)步(bu)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)提供(gong)(gong)支(zhi)撐，隨著可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)逐年(nian)上升，系(xi)統(tong)慣(guan)量(liang)(liang)大幅(fu)降(jiang)低，為系(xi)統(tong)穩(wen)定(ding)帶(dai)(dai)來風(feng)險(xian)。盡管目(mu)前已(yi)有針對(dui)虛擬慣(guan)量(liang)(liang)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究，但是同(tong)步(bu)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)帶(dai)(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真實物理(li)(li)慣(guan)量(liang)(liang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)穩(wen)定(ding)是不可(ke)或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。隨著常(chang)規機(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)降(jiang)低，高比(bi)例可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)亟需同(tong)步(bu)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)提供(gong)(gong)慣(guan)量(liang)(liang)支(zhi)撐，兼具(ju)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)出力(li)(li)(li)(li)與(yu)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站能(neng)夠(gou)提供(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)想(xiang)解決方(fang)案。在配備大容量(liang)(liang)儲熱裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形下(xia)，光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站可(ke)以實現(xian)連續24小時(shi)穩(wen)定(ding)出力(li)(li)(li)(li)，在光(guang)熱大規模裝機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，具(ju)有承(cheng)擔(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)基本(ben)負荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)。

（三）光熱(re)發電具有技術經濟優勢

目(mu)前，光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的裝(zhuang)機成本相(xiang)比光(guang)伏與(yu)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)更高(gao)，這(zhe)也是制約現階段(duan)光(guang)熱(re)產業發展的重要因素。然而光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站還具有靈活調(diao)節(jie)能力，如(ru)果把光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站看作(zuo)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)儲能相(xiang)結合的整體，要比同時投建風電(dian)(dian)(dian)/光(guang)伏與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學儲能更有技術經濟(ji)優勢，單純因為(wei)其投資成本高(gao)昂而放棄光(guang)熱(re)投建未免過于片(pian)面。

將光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行技術經濟對比，同(tong)一地(di)點相同(tong)容量的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組（儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)13小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)）的(de)(de)年發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量約是光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)2.5倍2，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)以提(ti)(ti)供可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)保障(zhang)，即100%參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡，不需要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)額(e)外(wai)配(pei)(pei)套建設儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏要成(cheng)(cheng)為系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡，則必須配(pei)(pei)置至少(shao)6小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，以實(shi)現(xian)日內及日間的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)穩出(chu)力(li)(li)，由此來看光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏配(pei)(pei)套的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)能的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本并不低(di)。經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行模(mo)擬分析，在(zai)同(tong)樣的(de)(de)年發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量條件下(xia)，配(pei)(pei)備13小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)準(zhun)化(hua)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本約為1.048元(yuan)/千(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)。而對應的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏+電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)能場景下(xia)，其(qi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)準(zhun)化(hua)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本將達到1.233元(yuan)/千(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)3。在(zai)清潔能源基(ji)地(di)的(de)(de)大規(gui)模(mo)建設場景下(xia)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)參(can)與(yu)將可(ke)以充(chong)分發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮其(qi)經濟優勢，得到整體可(ke)再生能源綜(zong)合效益的(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)。

光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站本(ben)身還有較(jiao)強的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)改造(zao)性(xing)(xing)，經濟效益(yi)有進(jin)(jin)一步的(de)(de)提升(sheng)空(kong)間(jian)。通過建設低成本(ben)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)制熱(re)(re)(re)(re)模塊，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)兼具儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)-熱(re)(re)(re)(re)-電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)(huan)(huan)方式，實現(xian)無(wu)需(xu)依靠光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)大(da)容量儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)，進(jin)(jin)一步提高電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)運行靈活性(xing)(xing)，提高收益(yi)。此(ci)外，通過建設熱(re)(re)(re)(re)交(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)裝置(zhi)，還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)實現(xian)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)集中(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)冷，其熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)來(lai)源(yuan)包(bao)括(kuo)儲熱(re)(re)(re)(re)罐(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)量通過熱(re)(re)(re)(re)交(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)直接(jie)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)、汽(qi)輪機的(de)(de)乏(fa)汽(qi)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)等。通過光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)聯供(gong)，在綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系統的(de)(de)場景中(zhong)(zhong)實現(xian)太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)優化(hua)配置(zhi)，也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)提升(sheng)其綜合效益(yi)。

（四）光熱發電(dian)支(zhi)撐高比(bi)例風電(dian)光伏并網(wang)優勢明顯

綜上所述(shu)，相(xiang)比光(guang)伏+儲能(neng)的(de)(de)配置而言，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)本身的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)經(jing)濟效益更高。在(zai)系(xi)統層面上，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)具(ju)有(you)極佳的(de)(de)外部效益。除了其可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效益外，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)還(huan)具(ju)備良好的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節特性，可(ke)(ke)迅速響應電(dian)(dian)(dian)網負荷需(xu)求(qiu)，快速調(diao)(diao)(diao)節機組(zu)的(de)(de)出力，可(ke)(ke)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)和二次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)，同時(shi)還(huan)可(ke)(ke)以提(ti)供備用和爬坡等服務，并為(wei)系(xi)統提(ti)供足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)慣量支(zhi)撐。將(jiang)來(lai)(lai)隨著(zhu)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)發(fa)展還(huan)可(ke)(ke)以發(fa)掘(jue)出光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯供、提(ti)供緊急備用、維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統基(ji)本負荷等潛力。這些系(xi)統層面的(de)(de)效益目前還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)政(zheng)策支(zhi)持與商業模(mo)式能(neng)夠(gou)充分反映到光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價中(zhong)，但是可(ke)(ke)以確定的(de)(de)是：有(you)了光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)，未來(lai)(lai)高比例可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統將(jiang)付出較少的(de)(de)成本來(lai)(lai)實現風光(guang)的(de)(de)消(xiao)納。

三、我國光熱行業發展展望與建議

（一）明確光熱在未(wei)來高比(bi)例(li)可再(zai)生(sheng)能源電(dian)力(li)系統中(zhong)的定位

目前對(dui)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)定位僅(jin)停留(liu)在“一(yi)種(zhong)成本較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式”并不(bu)完全科學(xue)。光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)作為新興的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術，不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是一(yi)種(zhong)清潔能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，相(xiang)比(bi)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)與光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，還額外具(ju)備儲(chu)能(neng)特(te)性，具(ju)有容量效益(yi)、提供備用與調峰(feng)等(deng)靈活(huo)(huo)性服務的(de)效益(yi)等(deng)。光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)在未來應定位為“電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)重要的(de)清潔靈活(huo)(huo)性資(zi)源”，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)邁向更高(gao)比(bi)例(li)可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)源并網的(de)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)或(huo)缺的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)形式。

目前光(guang)熱發電的(de)(de)角色定位需要(yao)在政府與產(chan)業界產(chan)生更廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)共識。隨(sui)著光(guang)熱產(chan)業規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)擴大(da)，光(guang)熱發電工程投資將會得(de)到顯著的(de)(de)下(xia)降，發電成本將可以進一步降低(di)。另一方面，通(tong)過(guo)對靈活(huo)性、輔助服(fu)務等補(bu)償機制的(de)(de)完善，光(guang)熱的(de)(de)技(ji)術經濟(ji)潛力(li)將被(bei)充分發掘，在高比例可再生能源(yuan)電力(li)系統中的(de)(de)競爭力(li)將不斷(duan)擴大(da)。

（二）保持光熱電價補貼(tie)，支(zhi)持光熱產業快速發展(zhan)

我(wo)國對風(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)和光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)進行電(dian)價(jia)補貼已經(jing)超過10年(nian)，對兩者的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)桿電(dian)價(jia)補貼也持續了5至10年(nian)才開始逐漸退坡。正是由(you)于政府(fu)對風(feng)(feng)電(dian)光(guang)伏的(de)(de)(de)大力(li)支持，我(wo)國才形成(cheng)產學研的(de)(de)(de)持續發(fa)力(li)、風(feng)(feng)光(guang)裝機快(kuai)速(su)增長的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展局面。風(feng)(feng)電(dian)光(guang)伏產業鏈快(kuai)速(su)成(cheng)熟，制造成(cheng)本逐步下降，有力(li)支撐了我(wo)國高比例可(ke)再生(sheng)能源電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)迅猛發(fa)展，未(wei)來也即將具備平價(jia)上(shang)網的(de)(de)(de)條件。

光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)技術特性(xing)優于(yu)光(guang)伏+儲(chu)能，且在(zai)高(gao)比例可再生(sheng)能源電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統當中(zhong)具有(you)更優秀的(de)(de)(de)表現，目前已有(you)8座示范(fan)電(dian)(dian)站建成并(bing)網發電(dian)(dian)，總裝機僅為500兆瓦。由(you)于(yu)產業(ye)規(gui)模(mo)較小，光(guang)熱(re)造(zao)價(jia)仍(reng)然(ran)較高(gao)，對光(guang)熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)桿電(dian)(dian)價(jia)補(bu)貼退(tui)(tui)坡(po)(po)不應(ying)操之過急，參考風電(dian)(dian)與光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)價(jia)補(bu)貼的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)坡(po)(po)軌跡，在(zai)一段時間內持(chi)續(xu)維持(chi)補(bu)貼水平(ping)，長(chang)線布局，緩慢退(tui)(tui)坡(po)(po)，支持(chi)我國光(guang)熱(re)產業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)良性(xing)發展。

（三(san)）健全輔助服務市場模式與價(jia)格機制，充分反映光熱發電對電力系統(tong)的貢獻

目前受(shou)限于較高的(de)投資成本，光(guang)(guang)熱電(dian)站大規模發展存(cun)在(zai)一定(ding)困(kun)難。無(wu)(wu)論是電(dian)網公司還(huan)是電(dian)力用戶，都(dou)需要穩定(ding)可(ke)靠、調(diao)節靈活(huo)的(de)電(dian)力供應，而目前我國按照電(dian)源投資的(de)基準收益率確定(ding)上網電(dian)價，這種定(ding)價方式并不能反映(ying)電(dian)力品質(zhi)的(de)優劣，也無(wu)(wu)法反映(ying)出市場需求(qiu)。隨(sui)著我國風電(dian)和光(guang)(guang)伏在(zai)系(xi)統中的(de)占比增大，這一矛盾將更(geng)加突出，這使得包括(kuo)光(guang)(guang)熱在(zai)內的(de)參與調(diao)峰、調(diao)頻等輔助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)的(de)機組(zu)容易出現虧損。

正如前文所(suo)述，如果充分考慮光熱的(de)(de)全方(fang)面技術經濟性，需要對光熱在電力系統中的(de)(de)貢獻進(jin)行合(he)理補償，釋(shi)放促進(jin)靈活性電源發展(zhan)的(de)(de)良好信(xin)號(hao)，進(jin)而保障光熱發電投(tou)資回收。

在目前已經開展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)試點工作的(de)地區，可(ke)以通過輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)務(wu)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)方(fang)式，使光(guang)熱發電(dian)(dian)在輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)務(wu)市(shi)場(chang)獲得收益。通過輔(fu)(fu)助服(fu)務(wu)補(bu)償機(ji)(ji)制，直觀地反映出(chu)各類型電(dian)(dian)源的(de)電(dian)(dian)力品質優劣，突出(chu)靈活(huo)性機(ji)(ji)組在可(ke)再生(sheng)能源消納、電(dian)(dian)力可(ke)靠供應、系統穩定性保障等方(fang)面做(zuo)出(chu)巨大(da)貢獻，進而彌(mi)補(bu)其較高裝機(ji)(ji)成本帶(dai)來的(de)缺陷。