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當前，我國可再生能源產業正由裝機規模高速增長向高比例消納時代邁進，風電、光電也從過去的“微不足道”變為“舉足輕重”。業內專家學者紛紛表示，大規模、高比例新能源并網必將對電力系統特性帶來顯著影響，而通過構建廣泛互聯的新一代電力系統、升級新能源涉網技術來支撐電網電壓、頻率穩定成為趨勢。

裝機快速增長 給電力系統帶來挑戰

據統計(ji)(ji)，截(jie)至(zhi)2019年(nian)底(di)，我國(guo)可再生能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機達7.94億千(qian)瓦，同比(bi)增長9%，占全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)裝機的39.5%，其中(zhong)，水電(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物質發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機規(gui)模均為(wei)世界第一(yi)。“目前(qian)，新能(neng)源已成(cheng)為(wei)主(zhu)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源之一(yi)。截(jie)至(zhi)2019年(nian)6月(yue)底(di)，國(guo)網經營區新能(neng)源累(lei)計(ji)(ji)裝機3.2億千(qian)瓦，是2008年(nian)的38倍，占全(quan)網總裝機21%，成(cheng)為(wei)全(quan)網第二大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。”國(guo)網國(guo)調中(zhong)心原副總工程師裴哲(zhe)義(yi)在9月(yue)22日人力(li)(li)資源和社會(hui)保障部主(zhu)辦、中(zhong)國(guo)水力(li)(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)工程學(xue)會(hui)承辦的“風(feng)光水電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)扶貧及生態修復高級研修班(ban)（第二期）”上預測，2035年(nian)新能(neng)源裝機將達13.8億千(qian)瓦。根據目前(qian)新能(neng)源實際(ji)運行特性，預計(ji)(ji)日最(zui)大(da)功率波(bo)動可達6億千(qian)瓦，是目前(qian)華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)網最(zui)大(da)負荷的2倍，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網實時平衡能(neng)力(li)(li)帶來巨大(da)挑戰。

中國電(dian)科院新能(neng)源研究中心總工程師(shi)遲永寧(ning)也曾公開表示，大規模(mo)新能(neng)源并(bing)網給電(dian)網運行與控制帶來一(yi)系(xi)列新的系(xi)統問(wen)題與挑戰，如系(xi)統慣量(liang)、頻率調節能(neng)力降低，系(xi)統電(dian)壓(ya)調控能(neng)力減弱，故障與震蕩特性發生重大變化。

在裴(pei)哲義看(kan)來，高(gao)滲(shen)透率新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)還(huan)改變了電力系統基礎特性，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)快(kuai)速發展帶來電力系統高(gao)度電子化(hua)，對以交流技術為基礎的電力系統分析理論提(ti)出(chu)了挑戰(zhan)。

電力基礎設施 對清潔轉型支撐不足

據(ju)了(le)解，新能源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)間維(wei)度上具有季(ji)節性(xing)、時(shi)(shi)段性(xing)的波(bo)動和(he)隨機特(te)點，在(zai)(zai)地(di)域(yu)上又受限于資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)布(bu)不均衡，需要多資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)補(bu)(bu)、跨地(di)域(yu)互(hu)補(bu)(bu)，目前我國(guo)(guo)能源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力基礎設施建設還難(nan)以實現多能互(hu)補(bu)(bu)、時(shi)(shi)空互(hu)濟、協調運行要求(qiu)。而(er)且，我國(guo)(guo)可再生資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)負(fu)荷(he)逆(ni)向分(fen)布(bu)，其中(zhong)，風(feng)能、太陽能資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)“三北”地(di)區，水能資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)南地(di)區，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)華北、華東、華中(zhong)、華南地(di)區，占(zhan)全國(guo)(guo)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量80%以上。這決定了(le)西(xi)部北部大量清潔能源(yuan)(yuan)需要輸(shu)送(song)到東中(zhong)部消納，對電(dian)(dian)網輸(shu)送(song)能力提(ti)出了(le)更高要求(qiu)。

“目前電力基(ji)礎設施對清潔(jie)轉型的支(zhi)撐(cheng)能力還(huan)有待進一步提升，新能源(yuan)高滲(shen)透(tou)率(lv)電力系(xi)統控制(zhi)技術亟待提高。”裴哲(zhe)義表示，由(you)于(yu)新能源(yuan)發(fa)電的波動(dong)性和隨機性，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)分(fen)布式發(fa)電的“弱調度(du)”特(te)點，高滲(shen)透(tou)率(lv)電力系(xi)統運(yun)行控制(zhi)難度(du)加大，需(xu)要(yao)研究(jiu)多(duo)(duo)資源(yuan)、多(duo)(duo)目標、多(duo)(duo)約束的協調控制(zhi)技術。

在調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)方(fang)面的(de)挑戰是，新能(neng)源大量(liang)替代常規火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)動(dong)態調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)嚴(yan)重不足，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)支撐“空(kong)心(xin)化”嚴(yan)重，存在頻率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)崩潰風險。同時，風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)“弱轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)”和光伏的(de)“零(ling)轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)”導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等值轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)大幅(fu)降(jiang)低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)作為旋轉(zhuan)慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，由于抗(kang)擾動(dong)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)下降(jiang)，易發(fa)生穩定破壞。

此(ci)外，現(xian)有國家相關(guan)標準對常規火電、水電機(ji)組一(yi)次(ci)調(diao)(diao)頻調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)性(xing)能都(dou)有明(ming)確規定，但對新能源(yuan)機(ji)組一(yi)次(ci)調(diao)(diao)頻調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)性(xing)能未(wei)做要求(qiu)，因此(ci)，風電、光伏電站(zhan)并不參(can)與系統調(diao)(diao)頻調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。

緊抓可再生能源 跨流域跨區域互補特性

可(ke)再生能源在(zai)時間維(wei)度(du)上(shang)具(ju)有明(ming)顯的季節(jie)性和時段性，并具(ju)有區域(yu)內水(shui)(shui)風(feng)光互補、跨流域(yu)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)互補、跨區域(yu)風(feng)光互補特性，因此，通過廣泛互聯(lian)的新一代電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)，可(ke)實(shi)現全網發供用多能互補、時空(kong)互濟、友好包容。裴(pei)哲義(yi)認為：“通過資源模(mo)擬分(fen)析(xi)，西(xi)北地(di)區相同(tong)容量的風(feng)電(dian)(dian)、光伏互補后(hou)，日發電(dian)(dian)出力最大(da)波(bo)動范圍減少(shao)10-15%。”

解決高比(bi)例(li)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)消(xiao)納問題，除多能互補外(wai)，提升(sheng)新能源(yuan)涉(she)網(wang)技術(shu)水(shui)平是保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全(quan)運行的必要(yao)條件。為此(ci)，國網(wang)近年(nian)來持(chi)續(xu)提升(sheng)新能源(yuan)調(diao)度(du)技術(shu)水(shui)平，研發(fa)(fa)建立風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單元、光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的詳(xiang)細仿真模型，構建新能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并網(wang)接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的仿真分(fen)析(xi)平臺；研發(fa)(fa)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場實(shi)時(shi)監(jian)測(ce)系統(tong)，實(shi)現(xian)對風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場資源(yuan)和(he)運行信息的實(shi)時(shi)監(jian)測(ce)；開發(fa)(fa)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場綜合監(jian)控(kong)系統(tong)、有(you)功和(he)無功控(kong)制系統(tong)、綜合自(zi)動化系統(tong)；研發(fa)(fa)適用于平原、丘陵、山(shan)地(di)等地(di)形及高原山(shan)地(di)、溫帶海洋性/大(da)陸性、亞熱帶季(ji)風(feng)等多種(zhong)氣候(hou)類型的風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率預測(ce)系統(tong)。

據悉，國(guo)網在(zai)“三北(bei)”各省（區）已安裝30套新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)AGC（自動(dong)(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制）、AVC（電(dian)(dian)(dian)網自動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)無(wu)功控(kong)制）系統(tong)，實現(xian)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通道能力充分利用(yong)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)空間規范分配、無(wu)功電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穩定控(kong)制。“國(guo)網還組織開發了(le)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)測算工具。”裴哲(zhe)義介紹，按季度滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)開展經營區新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)納(na)測算，確定新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利用(yong)率總體目標、新(xin)增(zeng)裝機(ji)布局等，并向國(guo)家能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局報告相關情況(kuang)，得(de)到認可。目前國(guo)網正在(zai)完善(shan)并試點部署水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)納(na)能力計算評估工具，開展水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)納(na)能力和棄水(shui)(shui)專題分析。