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2018年(nian)4月(yue)4日(ri)(ri)，國務(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)總理(li)(li)李克強主持(chi)召開(kai)國務(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)常(chang)務(wu)會議時(shi)提到，降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)網環節收費和輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格，一般(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)商業電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)平(ping)均降(jiang)低10%。今年(nian)3月(yue)5日(ri)(ri)上(shang)午，國務(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)總理(li)(li)李克強在作2019年(nian)政府(fu)工(gong)作報告時(shi)指出(chu)，深化電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場化改革，清理(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)附加(jia)收費，降(jiang)低制造業用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本，一般(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)商業平(ping)均電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)再降(jiang)低10%。為什(shen)么要連續降(jiang)低“一般(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)商業電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)”？連續兩(liang)年(nian)降(jiang)價(jia)(jia)后(hou)，各省“一般(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)商業電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)”降(jiang)了(le)(le)多少(shao)？目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)是多少(shao)？記者進行了(le)(le)詳(xiang)細(xi)梳理(li)(li)。

一般工商業電價明顯高于大工業電價

我國(guo)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，廣義上(shang)(shang)可以分(fen)為：上(shang)(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)、輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)、銷(xiao)售電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)。銷(xiao)售電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)按(an)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)性質又可以分(fen)為四(si)大(da)類（上(shang)(shang)海(hai)、河北、海(hai)南和深圳等個(ge)別城市除外(wai)）：居民生活用電(dian)(dian)(dian)、一般工商業(ye)及其(qi)他用電(dian)(dian)(dian)、大(da)工業(ye)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)、農業(ye)生產用電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

一般工(gong)(gong)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通常是指變壓器容量在315千(qian)伏(fu)安以下(xia)的商(shang)業(ye)(ye)和小型(xing)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，它的定(ding)價(jia)(jia)方(fang)式(shi)和價(jia)(jia)格(ge)水平和大(da)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有著顯著差異。大(da)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)普遍(bian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)+基(ji)本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)”的兩部制定(ding)價(jia)(jia)方(fang)式(shi)，而(er)一般工(gong)(gong)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則普遍(bian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)”的單一制定(ding)價(jia)(jia)方(fang)式(shi)。即(ji)使大(da)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)攤(tan)銷了基(ji)本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)后，一般工(gong)(gong)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本也明顯高(gao)于大(da)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)。

以北京市為例(li)，1~10千伏電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級的(de)(de)(de)一般(ban)工(gong)(gong)商(shang)業(ye)用(yong)電(dian)平段價(jia)(jia)格為0.8595元(yuan)/千瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)，同等(deng)(deng)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)等(deng)(deng)級同一時(shi)(shi)段的(de)(de)(de)大工(gong)(gong)業(ye)用(yong)電(dian)電(dian)度(du)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)則為0.6770元(yuan)/千瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)。如果按照每度(du)電(dian)攤銷0.1元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本電(dian)價(jia)(jia)測算，同等(deng)(deng)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)等(deng)(deng)級同一時(shi)(shi)段的(de)(de)(de)一般(ban)工(gong)(gong)商(shang)業(ye)用(yong)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)格，比大工(gong)(gong)業(ye)高(gao)10%以上。

一般(ban)工商(shang)業電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)比大工業電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)高，又主要涉及(ji)中(zhong)小企(qi)業，范(fan)圍非常廣(guang)，社會(hui)關注(zhu)度高。自2015年新一輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)力改革(ge)啟動(dong)以來，國家已下發了多項降(jiang)低企(qi)業用電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本的(de)相關政策。其中(zhong)以2018年的(de)降(jiang)價(jia)力度最大。

8項降價措施保證2018年降價10%

2018年，為了降低一(yi)般工(gong)商業電(dian)價(jia)，國家(jia)發(fa)改委(wei)價(jia)格司分四批出臺了多項相關措施：

第一(yi)批措(cuo)施(shi)從4月1日開始執行，電(dian)(dian)價降(jiang)幅為4.3分/千瓦(wa)時，涉及降(jiang)價資金(jin)432億元。主要(yao)包(bao)括全(quan)面落實已出(chu)臺的(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)清費政策；推進區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和跨省跨區專項(xiang)工程(cheng)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)價格改(gai)革；進一(yi)步規范和降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)環節收費;臨(lin)時性(xing)降(jiang)低輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)價四項(xiang)措(cuo)施(shi)。

第二批措施(shi)(shi)從5月1日(ri)開始(shi)執行，電(dian)價(jia)降(jiang)幅為2.16分/千瓦時，涉(she)及降(jiang)價(jia)資(zi)金216億(yi)元。措施(shi)(shi)主要包(bao)括兩個方面，即通(tong)過釋放電(dian)力行業(ye)的(de)(de)增(zeng)值稅稅率(lv)調整和電(dian)網企業(ye)留抵退(tui)稅一次性退(tui)返騰出的(de)(de)電(dian)價(jia)空間，用于(yu)減輕企業(ye)負擔。

7月1日起，開(kai)始執(zhi)行第三(san)(san)批措施，涉(she)及(ji)降價資(zi)金(jin)173億元。主要通過擴大(da)跨省區電力交易規(gui)模、國家重大(da)水利(li)工程(cheng)建設基金(jin)征收標準降低25%、督促(cu)自(zi)備電廠承擔政策性交叉補貼三(san)(san)項措施，進一步降低一般工商(shang)業電價。

在出(chu)臺(tai)上述(shu)八項降(jiang)(jiang)電價(jia)(jia)措施后，涉及降(jiang)(jiang)電價(jia)(jia)金額821億(yi)元。但部分地(di)區電價(jia)(jia)降(jiang)(jiang)幅未達(da)目標，國家發(fa)改委再次發(fa)文要(yao)求繼續(xu)降(jiang)(jiang)低電價(jia)(jia)。

8月20日，發(fa)改委印(yin)發(fa)特急(ji)文件表示，電(dian)(dian)價降幅還未達到10%的(de)地(di)區，可由電(dian)(dian)網企業通過(guo)內(nei)部(bu)調劑的(de)方式，彌補(bu)省電(dian)(dian)力公司的(de)資金缺口，或在(zai)下一輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)價監管周期統籌平(ping)衡。在(zai)此之后，吉林、河南(nan)、四川(chuan)等多個省份出臺了要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)網讓利的(de)具體(ti)降價措施。

多項降價(jia)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)后，國家電(dian)網公(gong)司稱(cheng)，2018年落(luo)實國家降價(jia)、清費、減(jian)稅(shui)等減(jian)負(fu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，合計減(jian)負(fu)915億元，其中一般工商業減(jian)負(fu)792億元，降幅12.4%，超額完成“一般工商業電(dian)價(jia)平均降低10%”的目標。

2019已完成兩輪降價下調幅度呈西高東低趨勢

2019年(nian)3月5日上午，國務院總理(li)李克(ke)強在作(zuo)政府(fu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)報告時指(zhi)出，深(shen)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)化改革，清(qing)理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)附(fu)加收(shou)費，降(jiang)低制(zhi)造業(ye)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本，一般(ban)工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)平均電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)再降(jiang)低10%。我國的銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，主要由(you)購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本、輸(shu)(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損耗、輸(shu)(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和(he)政府(fu)性基(ji)(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)及附(fu)加四部分(fen)構成(cheng)。政府(fu)性基(ji)(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)方面，2017年(nian)已(yi)有“兩降(jiang)低、兩取消(xiao)”：國家重(zhong)大(da)水利工(gong)(gong)程建設基(ji)(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)大(da)中型(xing)水庫移民后期(qi)扶持基(ji)(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的征收(shou)標準統一降(jiang)低25%，取消(xiao)城市(shi)公用(yong)事業(ye)附(fu)加和(he)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)結構調整專項資金(jin)(jin)(jin)。2018年(nian)一般(ban)工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的降(jiang)價(jia)空間，主要來自電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)和(he)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)，尤其是(shi)前者。2019年(nian)一般(ban)工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的下降(jiang)空間，除(chu)政府(fu)性基(ji)(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)及附(fu)加、輸(shu)(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)重(zhong)新核定(ding)外，還有來自電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網增(zeng)值稅(shui)、跨(kua)省跨(kua)區(qu)專項輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)程、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（第三代機組）非市(shi)場(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部分(fen)增(zeng)值稅(shui)稅(shui)率調整等(deng)部分(fen)。粗略統計，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)全(quan)部下調10%后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)讓(rang)利空間約達到899億元。

為(wei)了(le)完成降價目標，3月(yue)29日和(he)(he)5月(yue)15日，國(guo)家發改委分別發布《關于(yu)電(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)增值(zhi)稅(shui)稅(shui)率調整相(xiang)應(ying)降低一般工商業(ye)電(dian)價的(de)通知》和(he)(he)《關于(yu)降低一般工商業(ye)電(dian)價的(de)通知》。

第一(yi)個降價(jia)通知主要為降低電網企業(ye)的(de)增值稅(shui)率3個百(bai)分點。同時省級電網企業(ye)含稅(shui)輸配電價(jia)水平(ping)降低的(de)空間用于降低一(yi)般工(gong)商(shang)業(ye)電價(jia)。

第二個降價通知主要是重大水利(li)(li)工(gong)程建設基金征收降低(di)50個百分點。以及(ji)對(dui)水電火電企業的增值(zhi)稅(shui)調整來讓利(li)(li)下游。同時也(ye)包括對(dui)輸(shu)配(pei)電價的調整來進行讓利(li)(li)。

數據顯(xian)示，兩輪降(jiang)價后，2019年一般工商業電(dian)價再下降(jiang)10%的任(ren)務基本完成。

從各地下(xia)(xia)調(diao)幅度(du)上看，全國一(yi)般(ban)(ban)工(gong)商業電價(jia)下(xia)(xia)調(diao)空間呈現西(xi)高(gao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)低(di)(di)態勢。西(xi)北、西(xi)南區(qu)域下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)幅度(du)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)，南方、華東(dong)(dong)(dong)區(qu)域次之(zhi)，華北區(qu)域下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)幅度(du)最(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)。其中青(qing)海下(xia)(xia)調(diao)幅度(du)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)，達到(dao)(dao)14.12分(fen)/千瓦時，其次是云南省，為(wei)到(dao)(dao)13.3分(fen)/千瓦時，黑龍江(jiang)省最(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)，僅為(wei)3.34分(fen)/千瓦時。有分(fen)析認為(wei)，受到(dao)(dao)資源稟賦(fu)、環境等因素(su)制約，東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)部電力成本存(cun)在較大差距，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)工(gong)商業電價(jia)東(dong)(dong)(dong)高(gao)西(xi)低(di)(di)的格(ge)局已經形(xing)成多年(nian)。經過(guo)兩(liang)輪(lun)調(diao)整之(zhi)后，東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)部一(yi)般(ban)(ban)工(gong)商業電價(jia)差距有增大趨勢。特(te)別是青(qing)海、云南等地，下(xia)(xia)調(diao)幅度(du)已經超過(guo)10%，這對降(jiang)低(di)(di)經濟下(xia)(xia)行(xing)壓力、調(diao)整產(chan)業結(jie)構有積極推動作用。另外(wai)，該舉措也(ye)可以促進當地清潔能(neng)源消納。