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改革開放以來，隨著經濟體量的迅速擴大，我國電力行業開始高速發展，并將發展勢頭維持至今。其間，我們獲得了經驗，也得到過教訓；在肯定我國電力行業發展成就的同時，也須意識到當下的困難和挑戰。2014年6月，在中央財經領導小組六次會議上，習總書記創造性提出“四個革命、一個合作”能源安全新戰略。“四個革命”即能源消費革命、供給革命、技術革命和體制革命，從這4個方面加以審時度勢，透視改革開放40年的中國電力行業，將更有利于我們總結過去，更好地紀念改革開放，并有信心開辟電力新未來。

一、電力消費持續增長，用電結構明顯改善，經濟與能源的創新互動仍有較大潛力

回(hui)顧電(dian)力消費40年，我國全社會用電(dian)量躍居世界首位，用電(dian)結構(gou)和電(dian)耗亦持續改善，但由于重工(gong)業化結構(gou)的蘇(su)聯(lian)模(mo)式仍然呈現明顯慣性，全面統籌協(xie)調經濟建設與(yu)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)展一直存在較大難度。

改革(ge)開放以來(lai)，經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)結(jie)構對應的(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)排序經(jing)歷(li)了(le)(le)從“二(er)(er)一(yi)三”到“二(er)(er)三一(yi)”，再到“三二(er)(er)一(yi)”的(de)調整(zheng)(zheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消(xiao)費(fei)彈性(xing)系(xi)數,也經(jing)歷(li)了(le)(le)由小于1到大于1繼而降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至小于1的(de)“A”型(xing)發展。通過(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)結(jie)構調整(zheng)(zheng)促(cu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消(xiao)費(fei)結(jie)構優(you)化，三次產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)及居民用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)構表現出“兩(liang)升兩(liang)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”的(de)特點(dian)，即第一(yi)、二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占比雙降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，三產(chan)(chan)(chan)及居民用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占比快速(su)上升，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)構從1986年(nian)的(de)6:82:7:5演(yan)變為2017年(nian)的(de)2:70:14:14。“六五(wu)(wu)(wu)”至“九(jiu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)”時期(qi)，我國(guo)尚處于工(gong)業(ye)化初期(qi)，全國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供需(xu)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)緊張，表現為經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速(su)普遍大于用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速(su)（除“七五(wu)(wu)(wu)”時期(qi)，經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)過(guo)熱導致(zhi)嚴重(zhong)通貨膨(peng)脹(zhang)，經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速(su)明顯(xian)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)），嚴重(zhong)缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成為制(zhi)約(yue)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)快速(su)發展的(de)瓶頸。從用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)貢(gong)獻(xian)率(lv)(lv)的(de)角度看，“七五(wu)(wu)(wu)”至“九(jiu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)”期(qi)間(jian)，二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)(chan)對用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)貢(gong)獻(xian)率(lv)(lv)居首但(dan)快速(su)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，三產(chan)(chan)(chan)和(he)(he)居民貢(gong)獻(xian)率(lv)(lv)快速(su)上升。其(qi)后，2002~2007年(nian)連續6年(nian)全社(she)會用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速(su)均超過(guo)11%。與此同(tong)時，二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)(chan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)在“十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)”至“十(shi)(shi)一(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)”期(qi)間(jian)成為拉動(dong)全社(she)會用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)主力(li)(li)(li)。“十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)五(wu)(wu)(wu)”以來(lai)，隨著(zhu)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)進(jin)入(ru)新(xin)常(chang)態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消(xiao)費(fei)由粗放型(xing)高速(su)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)向中(zhong)高速(su)轉變，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)彈性(xing)系(xi)數降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至1以下(xia)(xia)，即為了(le)(le)支撐經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)1%，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消(xiao)費(fei)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速(su)僅需(xu)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)0.8%，較“十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)”和(he)(he)“十(shi)(shi)一(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)”電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消(xiao)費(fei)彈性(xing)系(xi)數分別下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了(le)(le)0.5和(he)(he)0.3。

這表明，在(zai)推進能(neng)(neng)源革命的(de)(de)過程中，電力應適度先行的(de)(de)歷史(shi)規律(lv)，還需(xu)引(yin)起重視，不能(neng)(neng)在(zai)富余時(shi)掉(diao)以(yi)輕心(xin)。尤(you)其(qi)在(zai)當前(qian)貿易摩擦加劇、外(wai)部環境不確定性增加的(de)(de)形勢下，經濟(ji)運(yun)行存在(zai)下行壓力加大(da)的(de)(de)隱憂，但隨著我國產業結構(gou)的(de)(de)持續升級及電能(neng)(neng)替代的(de)(de)深入推廣(guang)，高端裝(zhuang)備制造業、第三產業和居民用電正在(zai)成為拉動(dong)用電增長(chang)的(de)(de)“三駕馬車”。這表明經濟(ji)與能(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)創新驅(qu)動(dong)和互動(dong)仍有較大(da)潛力，這個空(kong)間也是能(neng)(neng)源革命的(de)(de)著力點所在(zai)。

二、供電能力穩步提升，電源結構日趨多元，大力推進煤炭清潔高效利用下煤電需保持主力

改革開放40年的電(dian)力發展(zhan)帶有明顯偏重供給側的特征，這(zhe)與(yu)當時資(zi)金等資(zi)源不足所形成(cheng)的輕(qing)重緩急的取舍相(xiang)關。這(zhe)也(ye)使(shi)得目前(qian)我(wo)國從克服了(le)長久以來的電(dian)力短(duan)缺(que)，開始由增容量向(xiang)調整(zheng)結構與(yu)優化布局的歷史性轉(zhuan)型。截(jie)至2017年底，我(wo)國在總裝機、水(shui)電(dian)、火電(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)和太(tai)陽能裝機容量和核電(dian)在建規模等方面均處(chu)于世(shi)界首位(wei)。

從歷史傳統看(kan)，火(huo)電(dian)，尤其是小火(huo)電(dian)由于其建(jian)設周期(qi)短(duan)、見效(xiao)快(kuai)、成本(ben)低而取(qu)得了高速發展，可以相對全面(mian)地(di)滿足快(kuai)速解決電(dian)力短(duan)缺的要(yao)求，而大型水電(dian)基(ji)地(di)建(jian)設由于生態環保要(yao)求高、移民安置成本(ben)高、建(jian)設周期(qi)長(chang)而在總裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)比重(zhong)中不斷下降(jiang)(jiang)。水、火(huo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)比重(zhong)由1978年(nian)的三七(qi)分下降(jiang)(jiang)至1998年(nian)的二(er)八(ba)分，非化石(shi)能源裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)比重(zhong)出現顯著(zhu)下降(jiang)(jiang)。

2002年(nian)隨著(zhu)“廠(chang)網分開”，五大發電(dian)集團成立，電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)建設(she)升溫，雖然“九五”規(gui)劃明(ming)確(que)提(ti)出(chu)了(le)“加強電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)結構調整(zheng)”的(de)要(yao)求，但發電(dian)企業(ye)“跑(pao)馬(ma)圈地”式的(de)過熱競爭(zheng)，反而促使了(le)火電(dian)裝機占比于2006年(nian)達(da)到(dao)(dao)77.7%的(de)峰值。之后，由于政策鼓勵、補貼(tie)優惠刺(ci)激，風電(dian)裝機連續4年(nian)翻(fan)番(fan)，太(tai)陽(yang)能裝機超高速增長，截至2017年(nian)底，裝機年(nian)均增速分別達(da)到(dao)(dao)52.2%和(he)107.2%（數據來源(yuan)(yuan)：中(zhong)國電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)聯合會，電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)統(tong)計資料提(ti)要(yao)）。電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)產能過剩(sheng)的(de)端倪早已出(chu)現并一直持續至今。

2014年財(cai)經小組會議(yi)上(shang)，習近平(ping)總(zong)書記強調指(zhi)出，要大力推進煤(mei)炭清潔高效(xiao)利用。2017年，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)為(wei)62.2%，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)達(da)到70.9%。我國發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用煤(mei)占(zhan)(zhan)煤(mei)炭總(zong)消費量比(bi)重約為(wei)52%，顯(xian)著低于發(fa)(fa)達(da)國家的80%~90%，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用煤(mei)比(bi)例(li)仍有很大的提(ti)升空間。當前，我國煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)煤(mei)耗、主要污染(ran)物排放等方面(mian)已(yi)處于世界(jie)前列(lie)，部分指(zhi)標已(yi)接近燃氣機(ji)組。

電(dian)源結構必須有(you)序調整，其中，“有(you)序”不是(shi)(shi)人為調整的(de)過多介入(ru)，而是(shi)(shi)明晰輕(qing)重(zhong)緩急(ji)的(de)恰當把(ba)握，尤其煤電(dian)的(de)清潔(jie)化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)，這是(shi)(shi)我國推進電(dian)力(li)供(gong)(gong)給側改革的(de)“正餐”和(he)“主食”，是(shi)(shi)由歷(li)史的(de)階段性(xing)(xing)和(he)進化(hua)性(xing)(xing)特點決定(ding)的(de)。能源供(gong)(gong)給革命(ming)的(de)著(zhu)力(li)點還(huan)是(shi)(shi)在能源供(gong)(gong)給側結構性(xing)(xing)改革的(de)“必答題”和(he)“大題目”。

三、制造能力顯著提升，技術差距逐步縮小，創新的艱巨和挑戰的嚴峻將日益凸顯

從(cong)改革開放后的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展歷(li)程上看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行業快速發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)內在(zai)動力(li)(li)(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規模化應用的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，但不(bu)無遺憾的(de)(de)(de)是，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)仍不(bu)能(neng)(neng)被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，40年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)歷(li)經了(le)(le)由(you)成(cheng)(cheng)套設(she)(she)備引(yin)進到消(xiao)化吸(xi)收(shou)，再到國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)仿制，進而自主創(chuang)新。以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源為(wei)(wei)例，通過(guo)(guo)從(cong)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)引(yin)進大(da)(da)(da)容(rong)量亞臨(lin)界(jie)、超臨(lin)界(jie)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組，1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)功仿制的(de)(de)(de)首臺超臨(lin)界(jie)60萬千瓦(wa)機(ji)組于上海石洞口二廠(chang)投(tou)產(chan)(chan)。通過(guo)(guo)引(yin)進法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，大(da)(da)(da)亞灣核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)全部建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)產(chan)(chan)，實現了(le)(le)對核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)熟掌(zhang)握。目(mu)前我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已具備了(le)(le)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)1億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)裝(zhuang)備自造(zao)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)容(rong)量火力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組、世界(jie)最大(da)(da)(da)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)備、以“華龍一(yi)號”為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)第(di)三代(dai)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)裝(zhuang)機(ji)方面(mian)實現自主化。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)方面(mian)，1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級(ji)僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)330千伏(fu)(fu)，通過(guo)(guo)全套購(gou)(gou)買(mai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備和技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)第(di)一(yi)條500千伏(fu)(fu)交(jiao)流輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)———平武(wu)線(xian)(xian)，解決(jue)了(le)(le)武(wu)漢鋼(gang)鐵廠(chang)一(yi)米七軋機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)穩定問題(ti)。通過(guo)(guo)吸(xi)收(shou)，1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)第(di)一(yi)條自行設(she)(she)計(ji)、建(jian)(jian)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)元錦遼海500千伏(fu)(fu)交(jiao)流輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)。1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，通過(guo)(guo)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)ABB公(gong)司(si)設(she)(she)備及(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)第(di)一(yi)條±500千伏(fu)(fu)直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)———葛滬(hu)直(zhi)(zhi)流建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)入使用。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)首條直(zhi)(zhi)流特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓和交(jiao)流特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓工程投(tou)運(yun)。截至2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，依托特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)已建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)西電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東送(song)(song)工程19項，輸(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)達到13360萬千瓦(wa)，累(lei)(lei)計(ji)輸(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量約1.2萬億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)時。時間過(guo)(guo)去了(le)(le)近40年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，也(ye)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)積累(lei)(lei)與(yu)創(chuang)新的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程。隨著(zhu)信息(xi)通信系統(tong)與(yu)物理電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)高(gao)(gao)度(du)交(jiao)互融合，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)還要(yao)逐步向高(gao)(gao)度(du)智能(neng)(neng)化的(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)物理電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)發(fa)展。

從自(zi)身縱向(xiang)比較(jiao)的(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)來(lai)看，我國電(dian)力(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)水平(ping)有了(le)(le)長足(zu)進步和顯著提高(gao)，但(dan)我們(men)已處在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國際化(hua)(hua)比較(jiao)競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)格局中，電(dian)力(li)(li)行業要爭(zheng)這(zhe)口(kou)氣，就需保持(chi)(chi)追趕超(chao)越的(de)(de)奮斗精(jing)神。因(yin)為與世界電(dian)力(li)(li)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)強國相比，我國在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)原創(chuang)性、前瞻性科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)方面依然存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)較(jiao)大(da)劣勢。雖然以市場(chang)換(huan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)策略短(duan)時期(qi)內快速提高(gao)了(le)(le)我國的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)設(she)(she)備(bei)制(zhi)造能力(li)(li)，但(dan)換(huan)不(bu)來(lai)創(chuang)新(xin)，缺乏競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)科(ke)研(yan)機制(zhi)體(ti)制(zhi)造成技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)進步動力(li)(li)不(bu)足(zu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)核心技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、關鍵設(she)(she)備(bei)及重要材料上(shang)仍(reng)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著嚴重依賴進口(kou)的(de)(de)短(duan)板，三代核電(dian)、新(xin)能源等領域關鍵技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)長期(qi)以引進消化(hua)(hua)吸(xi)收為主，燃氣輪(lun)機及高(gao)溫材料技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)裝備(bei)等長期(qi)落后。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)力(li)(li)行業快速規模化(hua)(hua)擴張(zhang)的(de)(de)進程中，電(dian)力(li)(li)設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)國產化(hua)(hua)水平(ping)本(ben)該取得(de)(de)更大(da)的(de)(de)成就，沒有完全實(shi)現應得(de)(de)的(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)，需要反思。能源革命不(bu)是關門革命，是體(ti)現技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)硬碰硬，要用實(shi)力(li)(li)說話(hua)。這(zhe)因(yin)慘痛教(jiao)訓而(er)獲得(de)(de)的(de)(de)經驗彌足(zu)珍(zhen)貴，必須貫徹下去(qu)，堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)到底。

四、體制改革穩步推進，市場化進程初見成效，“硬骨頭”和“涉險灘”無法回避

新中國(guo)成立后，電(dian)力(li)短缺導致(zhi)“窮則思變，變則通”。起初，我國(guo)電(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主要依靠財政投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)來源(yuan)相對單一，資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金短缺，電(dian)力(li)供需(xu)矛盾不斷凸顯。改革(ge)開(kai)放后，自1981年開(kai)始，集資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)辦電(dian)模(mo)式(shi)在(zai)全國(guo)范圍(wei)迅速推廣，法國(guo)、日(ri)本等外國(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本和民(min)間資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本紛紛加入我國(guo)電(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)領域，拓寬了(le)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)渠道，促進了(le)電(dian)力(li)尤其是電(dian)源(yuan)的發(fa)展。同一時期，電(dian)價改革(ge)的開(kai)展進一步吸引(yin)了(le)社會投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，保(bao)證(zheng)了(le)電(dian)源(yuan)建設的可持續性。由此，電(dian)力(li)生(sheng)產關(guan)系(xi)一直(zhi)處在(zai)調整和適應(ying)中。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革可以大體(ti)(ti)(ti)概括為投(tou)融資體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革、政企分(fen)(fen)(fen)開、廠(chang)網分(fen)(fen)(fen)開以及配(pei)售分(fen)(fen)(fen)開四個階段(duan)，尤其配(pei)售分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)通過(guo)經營性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價、售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和增量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業務的(de)放開，一石激(ji)起千層浪。隨著在2015年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央發布《關(guan)于進一步深化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革的(de)若干意見》至今，我國省(sheng)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價核定(ding)實(shi)現(xian)除(chu)西藏(zang)外的(de)全覆蓋，中(zhong)(zhong)長(chang)期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場化交易(yi)局面基本形成，集中(zhong)(zhong)競價、邊際出(chu)清(qing)機制(zhi)廣泛(fan)應用，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場建設試點相繼(ji)啟動，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革逐(zhu)步邁入深水區(qu)和攻(gong)堅區(qu)。毫無疑(yi)問(wen)，40年(nian)來的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業并非僅(jin)有(you)發展的(de)主(zhu)題，發展的(de)內涵(han)無一不(bu)被(bei)改(gai)革貫穿。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)正處在不(bu)斷(duan)走向競爭和市(shi)(shi)場化的(de)探索中(zhong)(zhong)，雖然市(shi)(shi)場在資源配(pei)置(zhi)領域逐(zhu)漸(jian)取得決定(ding)性地(di)位尚需過(guo)程(cheng)，但(dan)這一方向已(yi)不(bu)存(cun)在任何變數。

當(dang)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體制改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)重心已由曾(ceng)經的(de)(de)緩解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)匱乏，逐(zhu)漸(jian)向提升(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)服務(wu)質量、推(tui)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)生產清潔化(hua)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)價水平合理化(hua)等方面轉移。但“硬骨(gu)頭(tou)”和“涉險灘”的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)挑戰也(ye)無法回避，能(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)命將助力(li)于此，特別是能(neng)源(yuan)全(quan)局性的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)作用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)未(wei)必(bi)盡在(zai)預料(liao)中，其影(ying)響(xiang)仍需進一步觀察。而矛盾(dun)的(de)(de)逐(zhu)步積累和改(gai)革(ge)節奏(zou)難以(yi)把握，導致很多問題尚未(wei)得到及(ji)時解(jie)決。以(yi)能(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)命透視我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)，依然需要體制改(gai)革(ge)紅利的(de)(de)釋放(fang)，以(yi)增強(qiang)全(quan)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)發展活力(li)，逐(zhu)步消除邁向社會主義市場經濟(ji)的(de)(de)滯后響(xiang)應。

歷(li)經(jing)(jing)40年改(gai)革開放，中(zhong)國已經(jing)(jing)建立起(qi)比(bi)較完(wan)備的電力工業體系(xi)，不僅(jin)成為能(neng)(neng)(neng)源革命的重要(yao)基(ji)礎(chu)，其歷(li)史(shi)也成為能(neng)(neng)(neng)源革命新未來的壯麗序幕。能(neng)(neng)(neng)源智庫要(yao)做思想先(xian)鋒，逢山(shan)開路，遇水搭橋，對歷(li)史(shi)的經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)和(he)教訓加(jia)以深刻地(di)總結，開列出“問題清單”和(he)“行動(dong)指南”，譜寫中(zhong)國能(neng)(neng)(neng)源事業新篇章。