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熔鹽(yan)罐在光熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中扮演著重(zhong)要的(de)角色，是(shi)新型儲能(neng)性光熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)核心，其具備的(de)高(gao)儲熱(re)(re)能(neng)力和高(gao)穩定性，不僅(jin)可以使(shi)光熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)在陰雨天氣(qi)發揮作用，還可為在構建新型電(dian)(dian)力系統過程中解決光伏風電(dian)(dian)等新能(neng)源間歇性問題提供重(zhong)要助力。

在光(guang)熱電(dian)站中，熔(rong)鹽罐(guan)(guan)環(huan)節可采用單罐(guan)(guan)、雙(shuang)罐(guan)(guan)和(he)多罐(guan)(guan)系統(tong)。單罐(guan)(guan)熔(rong)鹽儲(chu)能系統(tong)結(jie)構簡單，成本較低，適用于小面積生活供(gong)暖等領域，但存在斜(xie)(xie)溫(wen)層導致蓄(xu)熱效率降低的問題。雙(shuang)罐(guan)(guan)系統(tong)包含冷罐(guan)(guan)與熱罐(guan)(guan)，通過冷熱熔(rong)鹽分(fen)離(li)并在2罐(guan)(guan)中循環(huan)換(huan)熱，避免了斜(xie)(xie)溫(wen)層問題，技術(shu)風險也相對較低。

相比于冷熱(re)(re)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)共(gong)處(chu)一(yi)室的單罐(guan)，光熱(re)(re)電站(zhan)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)在(zai)設計(ji)時通常會優先選擇雙(shuang)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。在(zai)雙(shuang)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中，高溫(wen)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)和低(di)溫(wen)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)的各自運行、相輔相成，可(ke)以很好(hao)地降低(di)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)和放熱(re)(re)的技術風險、避(bi)免罐(guan)內溫(wen)差等問(wen)題。在(zai)雙(shuang)罐(guan)的基(ji)礎(chu)上還可(ke)進一(yi)步增加儲(chu)罐(guan)數量，形成多罐(guan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，增大儲(chu)熱(re)(re)量。如哈密50MW熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)塔式(shi)光熱(re)(re)發電項目首(shou)創(chuang)了雙(shuang)熱(re)(re)罐(guan)、一(yi)冷罐(guan)的系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)配置，提高了機組(zu)的可(ke)靠性和靈活性。

熔鹽罐如何運行

在(zai)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)塔(ta)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)熱電站(zhan)中，低溫(wen)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)內的熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)通過(guo)冷熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)泵將(jiang)罐(guan)內熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)送(song)(song)至(zhi)吸(xi)(xi)熱塔(ta)內進(jin)行(xing)(xing)換(huan)熱，吸(xi)(xi)熱至(zhi)所需(xu)溫(wen)度(du)后(hou)，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)回(hui)流至(zhi)熱熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)儲存。此(ci)后(hou)通過(guo)熱熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)泵將(jiang)將(jiang)高(gao)溫(wen)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)輸送(song)(song)至(zhi)蒸汽發生(sheng)系(xi)統進(jin)行(xing)(xing)做功(gong)生(sheng)產電力(li)。在(zai)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)槽式(shi)光(guang)(guang)熱電站(zhan)中則是低溫(wen)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)內的熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)通過(guo)冷熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)泵將(jiang)罐(guan)內熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)送(song)(song)至(zhi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)換(huan)熱器吸(xi)(xi)熱，吸(xi)(xi)熱后(hou)流向熱熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐(guan)中進(jin)行(xing)(xing)存儲，之后(hou)由(you)熱熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)泵將(jiang)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)送(song)(song)至(zhi)蒸汽發生(sheng)系(xi)統進(jin)行(xing)(xing)做功(gong)生(sheng)產電力(li)。

圖：塔式(shi)熔鹽傳儲熱電(dian)站流(liu)程(cheng)示(shi)意圖

熔鹽罐保溫結構

熔(rong)鹽罐(guan)(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要(yao)由頂(ding)蓋、筒體和(he)罐(guan)(guan)(guan)體基(ji)礎(chu)結構三部分(fen)組(zu)成。熔(rong)鹽罐(guan)(guan)(guan)保(bao)溫包括兩部分(fen)，即罐(guan)(guan)(guan)壁保(bao)溫層和(he)罐(guan)(guan)(guan)底(di)保(bao)溫基(ji)礎(chu)。

其中，罐(guan)(guan)底保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)的基礎(chu)設(she)計(ji)是難點，這部分除了需(xu)要(yao)支撐(cheng)儲罐(guan)(guan)及內部熔鹽(yan)的質量外(wai)，還用(yong)(yong)于(yu)減少罐(guan)(guan)底散熱(re)損(sun)失，設(she)計(ji)失誤極容(rong)易發(fa)生設(she)備基礎(chu)沉降(jiang)，如果沉降(jiang)不均勻會使罐(guan)(guan)體局部受(shou)力變形撕裂，從而導致熔鹽(yan)泄露(lu)發(fa)生事故。典型熔鹽(yan)儲罐(guan)(guan)罐(guan)(guan)底基礎(chu)的結構形式如下圖所示。罐(guan)(guan)壁(bi)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)層則(ze)一般采用(yong)(yong)礦物(wu)棉(mian)、硅(gui)酸鋁等作為保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)材(cai)料(liao)，其厚(hou)度根據保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)材(cai)料(liao)熱(re)物(wu)性和罐(guan)(guan)內熔鹽(yan)溫(wen)度確定(ding)。

圖：熔鹽罐基礎(chu)示意圖

高(gao)溫(wen)熔鹽罐(guan)起著(zhu)蓄熱、緩沖的作用(yong)。當陰(yin)天或者(zhe)太(tai)陽光照(zhao)不強時(shi)，可(ke)以利用(yong)罐(guan)內的熔鹽維持系統繼續運行幾個小時(shi)；另一方面(mian)，當有云層經(jing)過集(ji)光器上面(mian)時(shi)，太(tai)陽能高(gao)溫(wen)吸熱器將停止工作，在重新(xin)啟(qi)動前的幾分鐘時(shi)間(jian)里面(mian)，可(ke)以利用(yong)高(gao)溫(wen)罐(guan)內的熔鹽維持系統正常運行。

低溫(wen)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)罐通常起著熔(rong)化(hua)固體鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、儲存液態(tai)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等作用。它將固態(tai)的鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)熔(rong)化(hua)為液態(tai)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，以便(bian)于用泵輸送并在(zai)整個系統(tong)管路中循(xun)環(huan)；在(zai)系統(tong)停止運(yun)行時，全部熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)要回到熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)罐，要求熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)罐能有(you)好的保溫(wen)效(xiao)果，使(shi)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)始終(zhong)處于液體狀(zhuang)態(tai)，以便(bian)更(geng)好的讓熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)新進行循(xun)環(huan)。

熔鹽罐運行中的常見問題

除熔鹽(yan)(yan)罐基礎設(she)(she)(she)計難點外(wai)，在(zai)儲熱(re)(re)系統中，如果出(chu)現熔鹽(yan)(yan)管道(dao)保溫設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)不科學(xue)、施工不當、管路局部位置散熱(re)(re)過(guo)大、溫度(du)過(guo)低(di)或停運(yun)時(shi)疏鹽(yan)(yan)不及時(shi)等問題(ti)時(shi)，熔鹽(yan)(yan)管道(dao)會出(chu)現凝固、凍堵現象。凍堵問題(ti)會影(ying)響集(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)內熱(re)(re)量的(de)傳輸，進(jin)而(er)(er)影(ying)響光熱(re)(re)電站的(de)運(yun)行；發(fa)生凍堵的(de)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)會縮短使(shi)用壽命，進(jin)而(er)(er)增加(jia)(jia)電站設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)投入；此外(wai)，凍堵問題(ti)發(fa)生需(xu)要盡快處理，這就意味著需(xu)要專業的(de)運(yun)維(wei)人員進(jin)行維(wei)護，從而(er)(er)增加(jia)(jia)運(yun)維(wei)成(cheng)本(ben)。

CSPPLAZA此前從業內人士處獲悉(xi)，熔鹽罐在運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)中只(zhi)要(yao)地(di)下(xia)基(ji)礎散熱(re)管(guan)維(wei)護(hu)好(hao)，焊(han)接方(fang)面(mian)處理(li)好(hao)了，儲熱(re)系統實(shi)際(ji)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)中運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)操作熟練(lian)，一般不會有什(shen)么(me)問(wen)題。主要(yao)就是(shi)怕停運(yun)(yun)再運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)時，管(guan)道(dao)伴熱(re)操作不及時，熔鹽會凝固堵管(guan)。

圖：凍堵后的金屬軟管(guan)

解決凍(dong)(dong)堵問(wen)題(ti)可(ke)以從以下幾個(ge)方面入(ru)手：首(shou)先，做好保溫(wen)工(gong)作。保證預熱時管路預熱溫(wen)度，盡量減少熱量損(sun)失與消耗。其次，在設(she)(she)計(ji)儲熱系統時設(she)(she)計(ji)適合(he)的防凍(dong)(dong)堵設(she)(she)計(ji)。熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)罐出口、閥門、熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)泵等位置(zhi)是最易出現凍(dong)(dong)堵問(wen)題(ti)的環節，可(ke)以從坡度、管道結(jie)構等方面入(ru)手，讓熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)在排鹽(yan)(yan)過程中(zhong)可(ke)以回(hui)流干(gan)凈，從而減少凍(dong)(dong)堵風險。

此外，溫士彪在(zai)其《淺談熔鹽(yan)(yan)防(fang)凍堵(du)技(ji)術的(de)研究(jiu)》中提到了一種(zhong)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)將壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)空(kong)氣(qi)直通(tong)(tong)熔鹽(yan)(yan)管道(dao)，在(zai)熔鹽(yan)(yan)回鹽(yan)(yan)時啟動(dong)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)空(kong)氣(qi)向管道(dao)通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)，并結(jie)合管道(dao)坡度設計來增加熔鹽(yan)(yan)流速，也是一種(zhong)減(jian)小凍堵(du)概率的(de)方法(fa)。運維時經(jing)驗(yan)豐富的(de)操(cao)作人員還可(ke)憑借在(zai)入口處通(tong)(tong)過(guo)排氣(qi)聲音判斷管路是否(fou)暢通(tong)(tong)，雙重保證，讓熔鹽(yan)(yan)凍堵(du)無處匿藏(zang)。

注：本文綜合參考了王鈺森、張曉明、溫士彪等相關研究資料。