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新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)成立是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電力(li)工業(ye)發(fa)展的(de)重大轉折點。70年來，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電力(li)工業(ye)經歷了由(you)(you)弱(ruo)變(bian)強(qiang)、由(you)(you)落后變(bian)先進的(de)發(fa)展歷程，取得舉世(shi)矚目的(de)巨大發(fa)展成就：

第一，發(fa)電能力從新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立初期的世界(jie)落后水(shui)平，進(jin)(jin)入世界(jie)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)列。發(fa)電量和發(fa)電裝機容(rong)量增長上千倍，為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟建設提供了(le)價格可承受的電力供應。

第二，電(dian)力供(gong)應從難以保障進入高可(ke)靠性(xing)水(shui)(shui)平階段，電(dian)網(wang)規模穩步發展，電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級不斷(duan)提升，建成世界上覆(fu)蓋范圍最廣、能源(yuan)資源(yuan)配置能力最為強大、運行水(shui)(shui)平最高的電(dian)網(wang)。

第三，電源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構從一煤獨大到多種(zhong)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發電并舉，清潔(jie)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝機規(gui)模和發電量(liang)不斷擴大，電源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構持續優化。

第四，電(dian)(dian)力工業技(ji)術(shu)水平和(he)裝(zhuang)備(bei)能力大幅提升，特高(gao)壓輸電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)、新能源發電(dian)(dian)并網技(ji)術(shu)、核(he)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)發電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)生(sheng)產(chan)能力步入世(shi)界(jie)先進行列。

第五(wu)，電(dian)力(li)技術創新(xin)與電(dian)力(li)國(guo)際合作(zuo)取得重(zhong)大(da)進展(zhan)，電(dian)力(li)體制機制日趨完善。中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)為中(zhong)國(guo)經濟70年(nian)快速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)提供了可靠的電(dian)力(li)保障。

在(zai)慶祝新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)70周(zhou)年(nian)(nian)之時，認真總結中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業發展成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)意義重(zhong)大(da)。新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業70年(nian)(nian)發展，經(jing)歷了(le)從小到(dao)大(da)、從弱到(dao)強、從封閉(bi)到(dao)開放(fang)的過程，取(qu)得舉(ju)世(shi)矚目(mu)的巨大(da)成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)：用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量增長(chang)1900倍(bei)(bei)(bei)、人均用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量增長(chang)630倍(bei)(bei)(bei)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量增長(chang)1600倍(bei)(bei)(bei)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機增長(chang)1000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網線路增長(chang)280倍(bei)(bei)(bei)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級增長(chang)5倍(bei)(bei)(bei)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業技術(shu)水平大(da)幅提(ti)升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)國(guo)(guo)際合作穩步推進，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體制日趨(qu)完善。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業發展為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟70年(nian)(nian)快速發展提(ti)供了(le)可(ke)靠的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)保(bao)障。

一、全國用電規模增長超千倍：用電量增長超過1900倍、人均用電量增長630倍

1949年新(xin)中國成立之初，國家極度(du)貧窮，電力工(gong)業(ye)百孔千瘡、基(ji)礎極其薄弱。經過70年的(de)發展，特別改革開放(fang)40年以來(lai)，中國經濟騰飛(fei)，電力工(gong)業(ye)進入(ru)世界(jie)先進行(xing)列，用電水平大幅提高。

70年(nian)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)增長超(chao)過(guo)1900倍。用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)(shi)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)國/地區電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)(gong)業發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)指標(biao)(biao)之一，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)一國/地區經濟發(fa)展(zhan)水平的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)指標(biao)(biao)之一。經濟越(yue)(yue)發(fa)達，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)就(jiu)相對越(yue)(yue)多(duo)。1949年(nian)，全(quan)年(nian)實際用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為34.6億(yi)kWh；經過(guo)70年(nian)發(fa)展(zhan)，到(dao)2018年(nian)，全(quan)社(she)會用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)68，449億(yi)kWh，是(shi)(shi)1949年(nian)的(de)1978倍。2018年(nian)，中(zhong)國全(quan)社(she)會用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)(shi)美國終端(duan)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)全(quan)年(nian)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)39，460億(yi)kWh的(de)近2倍，中(zhong)國工(gong)(gong)業用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與OECD國家工(gong)(gong)業用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)總和大體(ti)相當。

70年(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)增長630倍(bei)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)一(yi)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業發(fa)展的(de)重(zhong)要指標(biao)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)際公認(ren)的(de)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)一(yi)國(guo)(guo)發(fa)展水平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)重(zhong)要指標(biao)，被(bei)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)銀行等國(guo)(guo)際組(zu)織采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)，中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)①僅為8kWh/人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，4口之(zhi)(zhi)家年(nian)(nian)(nian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)才32kWh僅相當于(yu)一(yi)臺傳統冰箱工作約一(yi)個月的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、或一(yi)臺柜式空調工作16小時(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。這一(yi)數據不僅大(da)大(da)低于(yu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)，甚至低于(yu)非洲一(yi)些(xie)極不發(fa)達國(guo)(guo)家的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。經(jing)過(guo)中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民艱苦卓絕的(de)奮斗，到(dao)1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)，中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)達到(dao)268kWh/人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)33.5倍(bei)。但人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)依(yi)然大(da)幅低于(yu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)1，523kWh/人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，只有(you)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)17.6%。隨著電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放松發(fa)電(dian)(dian)側管制(zhi)、放松發(fa)電(dian)(dian)投資領域改(gai)革，極大(da)激發(fa)了社(she)會資本辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)的(de)積極性，使中國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業充滿了活(huo)力(li)(li)。到(dao)2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)，中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)2,775kWh/人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、接(jie)近世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)2,791kWh/人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，到(dao)2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)3,153kWh/人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、超(chao)過(guo)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)2,955kWh/人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。到(dao)2018年(nian)(nian)(nian)，中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)達到(dao)5,012kWh/人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，大(da)大(da)超(chao)過(guo)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)新(xin)中國(guo)(guo)成立之(zhi)(zhi)初的(de)630倍(bei)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)改(gai)革開放之(zhi)(zhi)初的(de)19倍(bei)。

表1：1949-2019年(nian)中(zhong)國人(ren)均(jun)用電量變化情況

注：*第一個數值為2018年值/1949年值，第二個數值為2019年預測值/1949年值。**2019年為估計數。

二、全國電力生產規模增長超千倍：發電裝機增長超過1000倍、發電量增加超過1600倍

1949年新中(zhong)國成立之時，電(dian)力(li)供(gong)(gong)應能力(li)遠遠落后于世界(jie)(jie)平均發展水平，全(quan)國80%以上為(wei)無電(dian)人口。經過70年發展，電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)徹(che)底改(gai)變(bian)了落后面(mian)貌，發電(dian)量和發電(dian)裝機容量雙雙位列世界(jie)(jie)第一。電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)為(wei)中(zhong)國經濟建設(she)、社會發展提供(gong)(gong)了可靠(kao)的電(dian)力(li)供(gong)(gong)應。

發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)70年(nian)(nian)增長(chang)1026倍。發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)是(shi)(shi)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)一國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業產(chan)能的(de)重(zhong)要指標。發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)越多，表明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業的(de)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)就(jiu)越大，提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)服務(wu)的(de)能力(li)也(ye)就(jiu)越強。為滿(man)足不斷增長(chang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)需求，新中國(guo)成(cheng)立以來(lai)，投入了(le)巨額資金(jin)新建了(le)大量(liang)(liang)(liang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基礎設(she)施。發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)從1949年(nian)(nian)的(de)185萬kW，到(dao)1978年(nian)(nian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)5712萬kW；到(dao)2018年(nian)(nian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達到(dao)19.0億(yi)kW，是(shi)(shi)新中國(guo)成(cheng)立之初的(de)1027倍，是(shi)(shi)改革之初的(de)33倍，較1978年(nian)(nian)增長(chang)了(le)18.4億(yi)kW。

特(te)別是“十八大(da)”以來，發電裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)規模增(zeng)(zeng)長驚人，從2013年(nian)到2018年(nian)。連(lian)續6年(nian)，年(nian)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)發電裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)超過1億kW，年(nian)均(jun)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)發電裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)1.25億kW，其中年(nian)均(jun)增(zeng)(zeng)長可(ke)再生能(neng)源發電裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)7149萬kW。而中國發電裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)實現第一個1億kW是1987年(nian)，從新(xin)中國成立(li)算起(qi)，僅(jin)僅(jin)用了38年(nian)。

70年(nian)人均(jun)(jun)發(fa)(fa)電裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)增長(chang)了近400倍(bei)。新中國(guo)成立(li)時的(de)1949年(nian)，中國(guo)人均(jun)(jun)發(fa)(fa)電裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)僅(jin)為3w/人，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)低于世(shi)(shi)界平均(jun)(jun)水(shui)平。經過(guo)發(fa)(fa)展，到1978年(nian)，人均(jun)(jun)發(fa)(fa)電裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)為59W/人；到2018年(nian)，中國(guo)人均(jun)(jun)裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)為1361W/人，超(chao)過(guo)世(shi)(shi)界平均(jun)(jun)水(shui)平，是新中國(guo)建立(li)之初的(de)399倍(bei)，是改革開放之初的(de)23倍(bei)。

70年(nian)發(fa)電量(liang)(liang)增加超過1600倍(bei)。發(fa)電量(liang)(liang)是衡量(liang)(liang)電力工業(ye)產量(liang)(liang)規(gui)模(mo)的重要指標。中國發(fa)電量(liang)(liang)從(cong)1949年(nian)的43億(yi)kwh，經過發(fa)展，到(dao)1978年(nian)發(fa)電量(liang)(liang)2566億(yi)kWh；到(dao)2018年(nian)發(fa)電量(liang)(liang)6.99萬億(yi)kWh，是新中國成(cheng)立(li)之初的1623倍(bei)、改革(ge)之初的27倍(bei)。到(dao)2019年(nian)，發(fa)電量(liang)(liang)將達7.16萬億(yi)kWh，是1949年(nian)的1660倍(bei)。

中國電力工(gong)(gong)業(ye)在世界電力工(gong)(gong)業(ye)的地(di)位發生(sheng)巨大變化，規模連續8年(nian)位居世界第1位。

（1）發(fa)(fa)電(dian)裝機容(rong)量從1949年(nian)(nian)的世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)第21位，發(fa)(fa)展到1978為世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)第8位，再發(fa)(fa)展到1995年(nian)(nian)超(chao)越(yue)俄(e)羅(luo)斯位居世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)第3位，繼(ji)續發(fa)(fa)展到1996年(nian)(nian)超(chao)越(yue)日本居世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)第2位，到2011年(nian)(nian)超(chao)過美國成世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)第1位。考慮數(shu)據(ju)可(ke)比(bi)性，利用IEA最新數(shu)據(ju)及中(zhong)電(dian)聯數(shu)據(ju)，觀察比(bi)較1980-2018年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國發(fa)(fa)電(dian)裝機容(rong)量在世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)的變化情(qing)況。

1980年，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)電(dian)裝機總(zong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)為(wei)5.8億(yi)(yi)kW、占世界(jie)(jie)(jie)發(fa)電(dian)裝機總(zong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)29.2%、位列世界(jie)(jie)(jie)第1位，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)6587萬kW、占世界(jie)(jie)(jie)發(fa)電(dian)裝機的(de)3.3%、位列世界(jie)(jie)(jie)第7位。當年裝機容(rong)(rong)量(liang)規模排(pai)在中國(guo)(guo)(guo)之前的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家還有俄羅斯與(yu)獨聯體(ti)（2.7億(yi)(yi)kW、13.6%），日本（1.4億(yi)(yi)kW、7.2%），德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)（1.0億(yi)(yi)kW、5.2%），加(jia)拿(na)大（7,917萬kW、4.0%），英國(guo)(guo)(guo)（7,360萬kW、3.7%）。

到2011年，中(zhong)國(guo)發(fa)電裝機(ji)容量超過(guo)美國(guo)，位列世(shi)界(jie)第(di)1位，發(fa)電裝機(ji)容量為(wei)10.9億(yi)kW，占(zhan)世(shi)界(jie)20.4%；美國(guo)發(fa)電裝機(ji)容量為(wei)10.5億(yi)kW、占(zhan)世(shi)界(jie)19.8%，列世(shi)界(jie)第(di)2位。

到2018年(nian)，中國發(fa)電裝機(ji)容量規模連(lian)續8年(nian)保持世(shi)界(jie)第(di)1位，發(fa)電裝機(ji)容量達19.00億kW；是位列列于世(shi)界(jie)第(di)2位美國發(fa)電裝機(ji)容量的1.8倍。

（2）發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)從(cong)1949年(nian)(nian)的世界(jie)第(di)25位(wei)，到(dao)1978年(nian)(nian)提升(sheng)至世界(jie)第(di)7位(wei)，到(dao)1994年(nian)(nian)變(bian)為(wei)世界(jie)第(di)2位(wei)，到(dao)2011年(nian)(nian)變(bian)為(wei)世界(jie)第(di)1位(wei)。考(kao)慮數據(ju)可(ke)比性(xing)，利(li)用(yong)IEA最新數據(ju)及(ji)中電(dian)聯數據(ju)，觀察比較(jiao)1980-2018年(nian)(nian)中國發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)在世界(jie)的變(bian)化情況。

1980年，中國發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)為2854億(yi)kWh、占(zhan)世界(jie)(jie)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的4.0%、位列世界(jie)(jie)第(di)5位，當(dang)年美國發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)位列世界(jie)(jie)第(di)1，為22,850億(yi)kWh、占(zhan)世界(jie)(jie)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的32.3%。當(dang)年發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)比(bi)中國多的國家還有日本(ben)（5,480億(yi)kWh、7.8%）、德國（4,698億(yi)kWh、6.6%）和加拿(na)大（3,679億(yi)kWh、5.2%）。

到(dao)2011年，中國(guo)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量超越(yue)美(mei)國(guo)列第1位(wei)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量為4490億kWh、占世(shi)界21.2%；美(mei)國(guo)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量為4095億kWh、占世(shi)界19.3%。

到2018年，中國(guo)發電量(liang)(liang)連續8年位列(lie)世界第1，發電量(liang)(liang)69，940億(yi)kWh，是(shi)(shi)位列(lie)世界第2美國(guo)發電量(liang)(liang)43,961億(yi)kWh的1.6倍，大約(yue)是(shi)(shi)歐盟的2倍。

圖1：中國發電(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)首次列(lie)第1時（2011年）主(zhu)要國家發電(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)及占比

三、全國電網規模增長數百倍：電網線路長度增長290倍、通電率達100%

新(xin)中(zhong)國成立(li)70年，中(zhong)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)從覆蓋率低、聯通(tong)性(xing)低、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低的零星孤網(wang)，發(fa)展(zhan)成為(wei)世(shi)界上(shang)覆蓋范(fan)圍最(zui)(zui)廣、能(neng)源資源配置能(neng)力最(zui)(zui)為(wei)強(qiang)大(da)、并網(wang)新(xin)能(neng)源裝機規模(mo)最(zui)(zui)大(da)、高(gao)壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路最(zui)(zui)多的電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)；從安全運行水平(ping)低的電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，發(fa)展(zhan)成為(wei)世(shi)界安全運行水平(ping)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)之一(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應進入高(gao)可(ke)靠性(xing)水平(ping)階段(duan)。

覆蓋(gai)范圍最廣。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)發展經歷(li)了(le)從孤(gu)網(wang)、孤(gu)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠，到(dao)(dao)區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，再到(dao)(dao)全國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)覆蓋(gai)到(dao)(dao)村的(de)發展過程。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)覆蓋(gai)率是反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)力普遍供應能力的(de)重要指標(biao)。新中國成(cheng)立之初(chu)的(de)1949年，中國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)十分薄弱，只覆蓋(gai)少數大(da)城市，多是以(yi)城市為(wei)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)中心的(de)孤(gu)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和相(xiang)應的(de)低(di)壓供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

經過近30年發展(zhan)，到(dao)改革開之(zhi)初的1978年，全國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)覆蓋率(lv)接(jie)近一半，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)主要以(yi)相對孤(gu)立的省級電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，省間聯系很少(shao)。特(te)別是經過改革開放40年的發展(zhan)，到(dao)2018年全國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)已經形成了(le)華(hua)北(bei)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)、華(hua)中、華(hua)東(dong)(dong)、西北(bei)、南方(fang)六個(ge)大(da)型區域交流(liu)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，除西北(bei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)以(yi)750kV交流(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主架網(wang)(wang)外(wai)，其他電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)以(yi)500kV交流(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主網(wang)(wang)架，華(hua)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和華(hua)東(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)建有1000kV特(te)高(gao)壓工程(cheng)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)網線(xian)路(lu)(lu)長(chang)(chang)度增長(chang)(chang)超過290倍(bei)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網線(xian)路(lu)(lu)長(chang)(chang)度是反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)網規模(mo)的(de)重(zhong)要指標。1949年(nian)(nian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路(lu)(lu)為6474千米(mi)，除東北地(di)區154-200kV高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、京(jing)津唐地(di)區77kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、上(shang)(shang)海市33kV供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網外，在個(ge)別(bie)地(di)方(fang)間或(huo)(huo)架(jia)設有單獨(du)的(de)22kV或(huo)(huo)33kV輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)。到(dao)1978年(nian)(nian)，220kV及以上(shang)(shang)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)長(chang)(chang)度2.3萬(wan)千米(mi)，是1949年(nian)(nian)的(de)3.5倍(bei)。到(dao)2018年(nian)(nian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級極大提高至35kV及以上(shang)(shang)的(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)長(chang)(chang)度189萬(wan)千米(mi)，相當(dang)于(yu)繞(rao)地(di)球赤(chi)道(dao)47圈，是1949年(nian)(nian)的(de)291倍(bei)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)世界(jie)最高(gao)(gao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)是反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)技(ji)術水平的重要指標。1949年(nian)(nian)，最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)220kV。到(dao)1978年(nian)(nian)，最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)330kV，全(quan)國各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)以(yi)220kV和110kV高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)為主要干線(xian)，變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量2528萬(wan)千伏(fu)安。特別是經過40年(nian)(nian)改革開(kai)放，到(dao)2018年(nian)(nian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)最高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)1100kV，超過巴西（800kV）、美國（765kV）、印度(du)（765kV）、俄羅斯（750kV）、日本（500kV），達世界(jie)第一；變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備容量40.3億(yi)(yi)kVA；跨區(qu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)不(bu)斷提(ti)高(gao)(gao)，到(dao)2018年(nian)(nian)跨區(qu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)達到(dao)1.36億(yi)(yi)kW，其中交(jiao)直流聯網(wang)(wang)跨區(qu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)超過1.23億(yi)(yi)kW，跨區(qu)點(dian)對網(wang)(wang)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)1344萬(wan)kW。

縣、鄉、村、戶的(de)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)率達(da)百分之百。1949年新中國成立時，農(nong)村通電(dian)(dian)(dian)率極(ji)低，農(nong)村年用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量僅為(wei)2000萬kWh，平均(jun)每個農(nong)民年用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量僅為(wei)0.05kWh。1978年，全國縣、鄉、村通電(dian)(dian)(dian)率分別為(wei)94.5%、86.8%、61.1%；到(dao)(dao)2007年，三(san)項(xiang)指標分別是100%、99.7%、99.7%；到(dao)(dao)2016年，三(san)項(xiang)指標全部達(da)到(dao)(dao)100%。到(dao)(dao)2015年底(di)，青海(hai)最后9614戶、共計3.98萬無電(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)口(kou)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)，標志著中國全部人(ren)口(kou)都用上(shang)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)性(xing)進入(ru)高水平階(jie)段。新中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成立(li)之初(chu)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)性(xing)非常(chang)低(di)，大(da)多地區無電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)應，大(da)城(cheng)市供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也得不到保障。經過70年的發(fa)展，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)性(xing)大(da)幅提升，進入(ru)高可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)性(xing)、高質量階(jie)段。用戶平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間、用戶平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數等是(shi)國(guo)際上(shang)（IEEE）供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)性(xing)指(zhi)標。2018年中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)率(lv)為(wei)99.820%，用戶平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間為(wei)15.75小(xiao)時/戶，用戶平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率(lv)3.28次(ci)/戶。其中(zhong)(zhong)，城(cheng)市平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)率(lv)為(wei)99.946%，用戶平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間為(wei)4.77小(xiao)時/戶，平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率(lv)為(wei)1.11次(ci)/戶；農村(cun)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)率(lv)為(wei)99.775%，平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間為(wei)19.73小(xiao)時/戶，平均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率(lv)為(wei)4.07次(ci)/戶。

四、全國清潔電力增長數千倍：清潔發電裝機增長4600倍、清潔能源發電量增長2910倍

新中(zhong)國(guo)成立70年，中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)力不(bu)斷向(xiang)清(qing)潔化(hua)(hua)方向(xiang)發(fa)展，發(fa)電(dian)裝機結構日趨(qu)優化(hua)(hua)。

清(qing)(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)增(zeng)長4600倍(bei)。從電(dian)(dian)力裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)結構看，1949年(nian)(nian)新(xin)中國成立時，清(qing)(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)極(ji)少，僅有16萬kW水電(dian)(dian)，清(qing)(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)占總發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)比(bi)重為(wei)(wei)8.8%；到(dao)1978年(nian)(nian)，清(qing)(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)1,726萬kW，是1949年(nian)(nian)的(de)100倍(bei)，占總發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)比(bi)重約為(wei)(wei)30.3%；到(dao)2018年(nian)(nian)，清(qing)(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)7.6億kW，是1949年(nian)(nian)的(de)4,636倍(bei)、1978年(nian)(nian)44倍(bei)，占總發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)比(bi)重為(wei)(wei)39.8%；新(xin)增(zeng)清(qing)(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)8,191萬kW，是1949年(nian)(nian)存量(liang)的(de)511倍(bei)。

可再生能(neng)源發(fa)展成就(jiu)更為突(tu)出，裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)規模總量世界第一(yi)。到(dao)2018年底(di)，可再生能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)達(da)到(dao)7.28億(yi)kW，占全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)約38.3%。其中(zhong)，水電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)3.52億(yi)kW、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)1.84億(yi)kW、光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)1.74億(yi)kW、生物質(zhi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)1781萬kW。

清(qing)潔能源(yuan)發電量(liang)(liang)增長2910倍(bei)。從發電量(liang)(liang)結構(gou)看，新中(zhong)國成(cheng)立之時，清(qing)潔能源(yuan)發電僅為6.8億kWh，約(yue)(yue)占(zhan)總(zong)發電量(liang)(liang)16.5%；到1978年(nian)，清(qing)潔能源(yuan)發電量(liang)(liang)446億kWh，是(shi)1949年(nian)的(de)(de)63倍(bei)，約(yue)(yue)占(zhan)總(zong)發電量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)約(yue)(yue)為17.4%；到2018年(nian)，清(qing)潔能源(yuan)發電量(liang)(liang)20,709億kWh，是(shi)1949年(nian)的(de)(de)2917倍(bei)、1978年(nian)的(de)(de)46倍(bei)，占(zhan)總(zong)發電量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)約(yue)(yue)為29.6%。

可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)上網發電(dian)(dian)增(zeng)長迅速，可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)世界第一(yi)。到2018年，可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)達1.87萬億(yi)kWh，占全部發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)比重為26.7%。其(qi)中，水電(dian)(dian)1.2萬億(yi)kWh，風(feng)電(dian)(dian)3，660億(yi)kWh，光伏發電(dian)(dian)1，775億(yi)kWh，生(sheng)物質發電(dian)(dian)906億(yi)kWh。

電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)投資(zi)(zi)結構清潔(jie)化(hua)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)投資(zi)(zi)去向看，結構不斷優(you)化(hua)。電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)投資(zi)(zi)發(fa)生了巨大(da)變化(hua)，1978年集中投資(zi)(zi)“水電(dian)(dian)火電(dian)(dian)”領(ling)域，目前(qian)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)投資(zi)(zi)向“低碳能源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)傾斜”。2018年，水電(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)等(deng)清潔(jie)能源(yuan)完(wan)成投資(zi)(zi)占電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)完(wan)成投資(zi)(zi)的(de)71.3%；水電(dian)(dian)、火電(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)和風電(dian)(dian)分(fen)別投資(zi)(zi)674億元、777億元、437億元、643.14億元。

五、電力技術水平大幅提升、主要技術經濟指標大幅改善

70年來中(zhong)國電(dian)力科(ke)(ke)技取(qu)得了巨大進步，在世界電(dian)力科(ke)(ke)技領域占有越(yue)來越(yue)重要(yao)的(de)位(wei)置。

電力裝備技術水平取得了飛躍式(shi)的發展。

第(di)一，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力裝(zhuang)備經(jing)歷了從完全依(yi)賴進口到(dao)(dao)逐步國(guo)產(chan)(chan)化、從小(xiao)容量(liang)(liang)到(dao)(dao)大(da)(da)容量(liang)(liang)的(de)發展過程。新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)成立初期(qi)(qi)，新(xin)裝(zhuang)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)大(da)(da)多從前蘇聯進口，容量(liang)(liang)普遍(bian)比較(jiao)小(xiao)。從1956-1977年(nian)，國(guo)產(chan)(chan)6000kW、1.2萬kW、10萬kW、20萬kW、30萬kW火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)相繼投產(chan)(chan)，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)力關鍵技術還要依(yi)賴發達國(guo)家。1965年(nian)，技術裝(zhuang)備和技術經(jing)濟指(zhi)標(biao)，大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)只(zhi)達到(dao)(dao)世界(jie)先進國(guo)家40年(nian)代(dai)未期(qi)(qi)的(de)水平，小(xiao)部(bu)分(fen)也只(zhi)有(you)50年(nian)代(dai)初期(qi)(qi)的(de)水平。改革(ge)開放以來，特別(bie)是(shi)“十八(ba)大(da)(da)”以來，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力裝(zhuang)備水平有(you)了很大(da)(da)提(ti)高，大(da)(da)容量(liang)(liang)、高參(can)數、環保型的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)快速增(zeng)長。

第二，燃煤發電(dian)技術(shu)、污(wu)染物(wu)控制技術(shu)取得新發展，超臨界常規煤粉(fen)發電(dian)技術(shu)達到世(shi)界先進水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)，空冷技術(shu)、循環流化(hua)(hua)床鍋爐技術(shu)達到世(shi)界領先水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)；火電(dian)技術(shu)全面(mian)國產化(hua)(hua)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)不斷提(ti)升，火電(dian)設備三大主機（鍋爐、汽輪(lun)機和發電(dian)機）實現(xian)全面(mian)國產化(hua)(hua)。

第三，水(shui)電(dian)機組(zu)的設計與(yu)制造能(neng)力正(zheng)全面達(da)到世(shi)界(jie)(jie)先(xian)進水(shui)平，能(neng)夠(gou)與(yu)發達(da)國家的先(xian)進技術(shu)(shu)同臺競技，在特高(gao)拱(gong)壩安全控制、混凝土防滲(shen)墻領(ling)域(yu)達(da)到世(shi)界(jie)(jie)領(ling)先(xian)水(shui)平。第四，核電(dian)技術(shu)(shu)瞄(miao)準世(shi)界(jie)(jie)前沿，突破關鍵共性技術(shu)(shu)和現代工程技術(shu)(shu)，為(wei)建設核電(dian)強國提供(gong)強有(you)力的支撐(cheng)。

核電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)從無到有，實(shi)現：（1）全面掌(zhang)握三代(dai)核電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，自主(zhu)攻(gong)克(ke)具(ju)有四代(dai)特征(zheng)的高溫氣(qi)冷(leng)堆技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)；（2）核電(dian)(dian)廠的安全性在世(shi)界上處于先(xian)進水平，核電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組已(yi)累(lei)計運行超270堆年(nian)；（3）關鍵設備(bei)研制方面取得重(zhong)大突(tu)破，核電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)自主(zhu)能(neng)力(li)不斷(duan)提高。代(dai)表中國核電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)能(neng)力(li)的“華龍一(yi)號”，其裝備(bei)國產化率達到85%以上，反(fan)應堆壓力(li)容器(qi)、蒸汽發生器(qi)、堆內構件等核心(xin)裝備(bei)都已(yi)實(shi)現國產；（4）成功制造釷核電(dian)(dian)池，成為世(shi)界上第一(yi)個掌(zhang)握釷核電(dian)(dian)池并(bing)實(shi)際應用的國家。第五，中國燃機(ji)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)以上海電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)收購意(yi)大利安薩爾多能(neng)源公司股權開始，共同研發燃氣(qi)輪機(ji)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。清潔能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)不斷(duan)創(chuang)新，風電(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)不斷(duan)進步(bu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)技(ji)術在(zai)特高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)、智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、大電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全(quan)(quan)穩定運行(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)接(jie)入(ru)等(deng)方(fang)面，取得了一批具有全(quan)(quan)球領先(xian)(xian)水平的(de)科(ke)技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)成(cheng)果。中國(guo)主導制(zhi)定的(de)特高壓(ya)、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)等(deng)國(guo)際(ji)標準(zhun)成(cheng)為(wei)全(quan)(quan)球相關工(gong)程建設的(de)重要規范。特高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術和超臨界(jie)技(ji)術進入(ru)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)先(xian)(xian)進行(xing)列，擁有世(shi)(shi)界(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級(ji)最高的(de)正負1100kV直流(liu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)和1000kV交流(liu)特高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)；輸變電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備制(zhi)造能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力處于世(shi)(shi)界(jie)先(xian)(xian)進水平。特高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術的(de)發(fa)展改變了中國(guo)輸變電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業長期跟隨(sui)西方(fang)發(fa)達(da)國(guo)家發(fa)展的(de)被動(dong)局面，確立了國(guo)際(ji)領先(xian)(xian)地位。

電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業的(de)(de)主要(yao)技術經濟(ji)指(zhi)標(biao)大幅改善。線(xian)路損失(shi)率和供電(dian)煤耗是電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業的(de)(de)主要(yao)技術經濟(ji)指(zhi)標(biao)。（1）線(xian)路損失(shi)率持續(xu)大幅下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。電(dian)網輸電(dian)線(xian)路損失(shi)率由1949年(nian)23.35%，下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)1978年(nian)的(de)(de)9.64%、較(jiao)1949年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了(le)(le)(le)13.71個百(bai)分點，再繼續(xu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)2018年(nian)的(de)(de)6.21%、較(jiao)1949年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了(le)(le)(le)17.14個百(bai)分點。（2）供電(dian)煤耗技術指(zhi)標(biao)明顯優于世界(jie)平均水平。先進的(de)(de)百(bai)萬千瓦二次再熱(re)機組的(de)(de)供電(dian)煤耗已經低(di)于270gce/kWh。供電(dian)煤耗從(cong)1949年(nian)的(de)(de)1020gce/kWh，下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)1978年(nian)的(de)(de)471gce/kWh、較(jiao)1949年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了(le)(le)(le)53.8%，繼續(xu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)2018年(nian)的(de)(de)308gce/kWh、較(jiao)1949年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了(le)(le)(le)69.8%。

六、電力工業對外合作成績斐然

新中國(guo)成立(li)70年，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)國(guo)際合作(zuo)經(jing)歷從“引(yin)進來”到“走出(chu)(chu)去”的(de)變化過程(cheng)(cheng)，從封閉發(fa)展走進了全(quan)面對(dui)外開放的(de)新時(shi)代。特別隨著“一帶一路”倡議(yi)的(de)實施，中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)對(dui)外投(tou)資呈現出(chu)(chu)爆發(fa)式增長態勢。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)建、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)裝備(bei)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業依托豐富(fu)的(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)場、光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、電(dian)(dian)(dian)網工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)建設經(jing)驗，不(bu)斷探索對(dui)外合作(zuo)的(de)方式，通過并購運營(ying)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總包、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設備(bei)輸出(chu)(chu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)國(guo)際貿(mao)易、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)標準制定與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)規(gui)劃等多種(zhong)方式，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)對(dui)外合作(zuo)規(gui)模不(bu)斷擴大、合作(zuo)區域(yu)更加廣(guang)泛、合作(zuo)領(ling)域(yu)日(ri)趨多元。

海外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)規模(mo)不(bu)斷(duan)擴(kuo)大。以1964年啟(qi)動(dong)的(de)幾內亞金康(kang)水電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)（首個海外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)援助項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)）為開(kai)端(duan)，中國電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)開(kai)始海外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)。通過(guo)多(duo)年的(de)發展，特別是在“一(yi)帶一(yi)路”倡議下，中國海外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)不(bu)斷(duan)擴(kuo)大。

其主(zhu)要(yao)特點(dian)為(wei)(wei)：第(di)一，對外電(dian)力工(gong)程承包(bao)以EPC為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，也出(chu)現(xian)了帶融資(zi)(zi)的EPC項目(mu)，提高(gao)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力企(qi)業對外承包(bao)工(gong)程的靈活性。第(di)二，清潔能(neng)源對外投資(zi)(zi)成績顯著(zhu)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)世界(jie)上(shang)跨國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)力發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目(mu)投資(zi)(zi)最(zui)(zui)多的國(guo)(guo)家，主(zhu)要(yao)分布(bu)在發(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)家，非洲(zhou)大陸一半以上(shang)的水(shui)(shui)力發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目(mu)都是(shi)由(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)單獨或與他國(guo)(guo)合作投資(zi)(zi)建(jian)設(she)的。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)世界(jie)上(shang)風力發(fa)(fa)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)最(zui)(zui)大的制(zhi)造國(guo)(guo)，對外投資(zi)(zi)風力發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目(mu)正(zheng)迅速(su)發(fa)(fa)展。

到2018年(nian)，中國電力行業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)參與境外電力項目簽約(yue)399個，簽約(yue)合同總金額466.8億(yi)美(mei)(mei)元，簽約(yue)發電裝(zhuang)機(ji)總容(rong)量5013.7萬(wan)kW，簽約(yue)發電裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量較2017年(nian)（2868.4萬(wan)kW，444.9億(yi)美(mei)(mei)元）、2016年(nian)（2848萬(wan)kW，414億(yi)美(mei)(mei)元）、2013年(nian)（3132萬(wan)kW，468億(yi)美(mei)(mei)元）有所提高，簽約(yue)合同金額大體相當(dang)。

電(dian)力對外(wai)投資規(gui)模不斷擴大(da)。

（1）發(fa)電(dian)企(qi)業海外投(tou)(tou)資規模不斷(duan)擴大。投(tou)(tou)資領(ling)(ling)域涉(she)及輸(shu)配電(dian)、水電(dian)、火電(dian)、新(xin)能(neng)源等(deng)多(duo)個(ge)領(ling)(ling)域，投(tou)(tou)資區域遍布東(dong)南(nan)亞、南(nan)亞、俄蒙、中亞、歐洲(zhou)、美洲(zhou)、非(fei)州、大洋洲(zhou)等(deng)國家和(he)地區，投(tou)(tou)資方式有綠(lv)地投(tou)(tou)資、跨(kua)國并購、BOT與(yu)BOOT等(deng)多(duo)種形式。彭博新(xin)能(neng)源財經的數據表(biao)明，過去15年(nian)，中國獨(du)立發(fa)電(dian)企(qi)業(IPP)的海外投(tou)(tou)資總(zong)規模達(da)1510億美元，海外投(tou)(tou)資年(nian)復合增長率高(gao)達(da)57%。投(tou)(tou)資范圍涉(she)及52個(ge)國家，“一帶一路”國家占(zhan)71%，投(tou)(tou)資領(ling)(ling)域涉(she)及水電(dian)（36%）、煤電(dian)（17%）、風電(dian)（10%）等(deng)。

（2）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業發揮技術優(you)勢和運營(ying)(ying)優(you)勢，不(bu)斷加快“走出去”步(bu)伐。國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司已(yi)投資(zi)(zi)運營(ying)(ying)菲(fei)律(lv)賓、巴西、葡萄牙、澳(ao)大(da)(da)利(li)亞(ya)、意大(da)(da)利(li)、希臘等國(guo)家(jia)和地(di)區的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、骨干能源網(wang)，管理境(jing)外資(zi)(zi)產(chan)超過655億(yi)美元。南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司以自身內(nei)部(bu)資(zi)(zi)源和條件(jian)為基礎，充(chong)分發揮公司的區位(wei)及地(di)緣優(you)勢，積極(ji)布局“一(yi)帶一(yi)路”國(guo)家(jia)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和東南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)亞(ya)特別是大(da)(da)湄公河次區域的國(guo)家(jia)都進行了廣泛、深入(ru)的合(he)作，與越南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)已(yi)形(xing)成4條通(tong)道(dao)、3回220kV、3回110kV的送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)道(dao)向(xiang)越南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北部(bu)八省送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；與老(lao)撾已(yi)形(xing)成1回115kV向(xiang)老(lao)撾北部(bu)四省供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，且通(tong)道(dao)建設正向(xiang)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級發展；與緬(mian)甸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力聯(lian)網(wang)提速(su)，由緬(mian)甸瑞(rui)麗江(jiang)一(yi)級水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站和太平江(jiang)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力；目前正在積極(ji)推(tui)進500kV中(zhong)老(lao)泰(tai)聯(lian)網(wang)、500kV中(zhong)緬(mian)聯(lian)網(wang)、500kV中(zhong)越聯(lian)網(wang)、中(zhong)孟聯(lian)網(wang)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到老(lao)撾，使北部(bu)的190萬無(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人口(kou)于2009年(nian)第一(yi)次用上(shang)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設(she)(she)(she)備國(guo)(guo)(guo)際競爭力(li)(li)不斷提升(sheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際貿易開始(shi)起步。新中國(guo)(guo)(guo)成立之(zhi)時，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設(she)(she)(she)備主要依(yi)賴進口(kou)。經過多年(nian)的發展(zhan)，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設(she)(she)(she)備國(guo)(guo)(guo)際競爭力(li)(li)不斷提升(sheng)。2013-2017年(nian)的五(wu)年(nian)間，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設(she)(she)(she)備直接(jie)出(chu)口(kou)總(zong)額62.8億(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)、技術直接(jie)出(chu)口(kou)總(zong)額22.5億(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)，境外工程帶(dai)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設(she)(she)(she)備出(chu)口(kou)總(zong)額177.7億(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)、帶(dai)動(dong)技術出(chu)口(kou)總(zong)額51.2億(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)。2018年(nian)，風電(dian)(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組出(chu)口(kou)27,406臺，出(chu)口(kou)金額5.5億(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)。

新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)立時的1949年，中(zhong)國(guo)電力(li)(li)工業極為落后，根(gen)本談(tan)不(bu)上電力(li)(li)進出(chu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)貿易。開(kai)展電力(li)(li)國(guo)際貿易，與周(zhou)邊國(guo)家或(huo)地區電力(li)(li)互聯互通，建成(cheng)中(zhong)俄(e)、中(zhong)蒙(meng)、中(zhong)吉、中(zhong)越(yue)、中(zhong)老(lao)、中(zhong)緬等多條跨國(guo)輸電線路。到2018年，電量(liang)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)209億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh，出(chu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)金(jin)額15.1億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)美元，主(zhu)要向香港（125億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh）、越(yue)南(16億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh)、蒙(meng)古國(guo)(13億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh)、緬甸(dian)(5億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh)、老(lao)撾、朝鮮等國(guo)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)；進口(kou)(kou)(kou)電量(liang)57億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh、電力(li)(li)進口(kou)(kou)(kou)金(jin)額為2.5億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)美元，主(zhu)要從(cong)俄(e)羅斯（31億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh）、緬甸(dian)（16億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh）、香港（7億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh）、朝鮮（3億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh）等國(guo)進口(kou)(kou)(kou)。中(zhong)俄(e)電力(li)(li)貿易相對引人注意，1992年至(zhi)今(jin)，27年來(lai)中(zhong)國(guo)累計從(cong)俄(e)購電287.26億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kWh。

七、電力體制機制日趨完善

電(dian)力(li)管(guan)理體制(zhi)從完(wan)全管(guan)制(zhi)到逐步(bu)放松管(guan)制(zhi)，體制(zhi)機制(zhi)日趨完(wan)善。從新中(zhong)國成立之(zhi)初到1984年，電(dian)力(li)工業實(shi)行國家壟斷經營(ying)，政(zheng)企合一(yi)、國家獨家壟斷經營(ying)，從電(dian)力(li)投資到電(dian)力(li)生產的“發售配(pei)輸”各個環節完(wan)全由中(zhong)央政(zheng)府(fu)獨家經營(ying)，用電(dian)量(liang)計劃配(pei)給，電(dian)力(li)價(jia)格中(zhong)央政(zheng)府(fu)制(zhi)定，電(dian)廠和電(dian)網是基本(ben)的成本(ben)和生產中(zhong)心。

1985年以(yi)來(lai)，電力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)不斷(duan)放松：集資(zi)辦(ban)(ban)電、政(zheng)(zheng)企分(fen)(fen)開、廠(chang)網(wang)分(fen)(fen)離。目前正(zheng)在(zai)進(jin)行“放開兩頭(tou)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)住(zhu)中間”的(de)電力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)，售電側改革(ge)正(zheng)在(zai)推進(jin)，輸(shu)配電改革(ge)也有(you)(you)所(suo)突破。放松發(fa)電側管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)，通(tong)過“集資(zi)辦(ban)(ban)電”，激發(fa)了(le)社會力(li)量投資(zi)發(fa)電領域的(de)積(ji)極性，使中國電力(li)工業(ye)得到前所(suo)未有(you)(you)的(de)大發(fa)展；通(tong)過“政(zheng)(zheng)企分(fen)(fen)開”、“廠(chang)網(wang)分(fen)(fen)離”改革(ge)，理順了(le)電力(li)工業(ye)發(fa)展的(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)；放松售電側管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)，通(tong)過售電側和增量配網(wang)改革(ge)，進(jin)一步調動社會力(li)量辦(ban)(ban)電的(de)積(ji)極性。

電力價格機制從(cong)政府定(ding)價逐步到市場定(ding)價，價格機制日趨合(he)理(li)。

（1）新中(zhong)國成(cheng)立(li)之初，一直到(dao)1985年，中(zhong)國電力(li)工業(ye)由中(zhong)央(yang)政府(fu)統一管理，政府(fu)分(fen)類(lei)制定銷(xiao)售(shou)電價(jia)，沒有區(qu)分(fen)上網電價(jia)和(he)輸配電價(jia)，電力(li)價(jia)格無法反映電力(li)供求矛盾(dun)，也無法反映電力(li)成(cheng)本。

（2）從1985年到2015年，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)現(xian)代(dai)企業(ye)制度建成(cheng)(cheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力生(sheng)產與傳輸逐(zhu)(zhu)步實行企業(ye)化(hua)運營管(guan)理。上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)逐(zhu)(zhu)步形成(cheng)(cheng)由(you)政(zheng)府定價(jia)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)體系；銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)管(guan)理方式基本不變(bian)；輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)沒有單(dan)獨核定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸送成(cheng)(cheng)本通過銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)和上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)之差(cha)彌補。

（3）2015年以來(lai)，啟動(dong)電(dian)力市場(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格機制(zhi)改革。不(bu)斷放松電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)管制(zhi)，上網電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)和銷售電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)逐步由政府定(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)轉變為由市場(chang)競爭形成(cheng)；輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)由政府定(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。2018年，銷售電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)由上網電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)（49%）、輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)（30%）、增值稅（14%）、政府基金及附加（4%）和線損（3%）構成(cheng)。

中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)70年成功(gong)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)告訴我們：只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)不(bu)忘初心(xin)，牢記使命，將實(shi)(shi)現(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)族偉大復興、把人民(min)(min)對美好生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)向往放在首位，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)才(cai)(cai)有(you)不(bu)竭的(de)(de)(de)發展動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)；只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)改革開放，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)才(cai)(cai)能不(bu)斷做大做強；只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)不(bu)斷創新(xin)、不(bu)斷自我完善，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)才(cai)(cai)能走向趕超世界、領先世界的(de)(de)(de)成功(gong)發展之(zhi)路。當(dang)前，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)進(jin)入(ru)轉變(bian)發展方式、轉換增(zeng)長動(dong)(dong)能、高質量發展的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)時代(dai)，邁(mai)入(ru)大機組、大電(dian)網、智能化的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)階段，要以習近平新(xin)發展理念為(wei)(wei)指導，始終堅持以人民(min)(min)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)發展思想，努力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)將中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)建成高效、清潔、安全、經濟的(de)(de)(de)高質量現(xian)代(dai)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)。