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摘要：以光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和塔式太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)組成(cheng)的(de)一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)（以下簡稱光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)）為(wei)研究對象，利(li)(li)用光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)低(di)和太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)成(cheng)本(ben)低(di)的(de)優勢(shi)，太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站配(pei)置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)設備，光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)所(suo)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量優先滿足儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)容(rong)量需求(qiu)，儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量在晚高(gao)峰時(shi)段發(fa)(fa)出(chu)，保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)，通(tong)過對光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)晚高(gao)峰時(shi)段頂峰能(neng)(neng)(neng)力和儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)容(rong)量利(li)(li)用情況進行測算(suan)分析，并以太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站高(gao)峰時(shi)段上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價最(zui)(zui)低(di)需求(qiu)為(wei)目(mu)標確(que)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)優化(hua)(hua)配(pei)置(zhi)方案。研究結果表明：光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)配(pei)置(zhi)合理規模電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，互(hu)補運行后可提高(gao)一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)頂峰能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，在未(wei)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場環(huan)境中獲(huo)取最(zui)(zui)大收益。

引言

隨著中(zhong)國(guo)“雙(shuang)碳”戰略目標的實施，現代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統正逐步向(xiang)高比(bi)例(li)可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)和高比(bi)例(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備（“雙(shuang)高”）趨勢發展［1-3］。新能(neng)源(yuan)自身特性(xing)與能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)需求的不(bu)(bu)匹(pi)配，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統帶來的挑(tiao)戰主要包括供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充裕(yu)度(du)和安全穩定運行兩(liang)大(da)方(fang)面(mian)［4-6］。太陽能(neng)熱發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)具有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)輸出(chu)穩定、可(ke)靠(kao)、靈活可(ke)調(diao)等特性(xing)，不(bu)(bu)僅可(ke)作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統的穩定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和調(diao)峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，同時(shi)還(huan)能(neng)提供稀(xi)缺(que)的轉動慣量(liang)，在(zai)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)或缺(que)［7-9］。

近年國內外學者在(zai)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術的研(yan)究(jiu)涉(she)及(ji)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設(she)計、調度運(yun)行(xing)(xing)等(deng)多個方(fang)面［10-18］，文(wen)獻(xian)［17］綜合考(kao)慮(lv)了火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本、太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并網消(xiao)納的環(huan)境效益和(he)(he)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)維護成(cheng)(cheng)本、系(xi)統旋轉備(bei)用成(cheng)(cheng)本等(deng)調度經濟(ji)性(xing)因(yin)素，探(tan)究(jiu)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)配置(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)本與調度經濟(ji)性(xing)的平衡(heng)點(dian)，確(que)定(ding)了太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容(rong)量配置(zhi)；文(wen)獻(xian)［18］提(ti)出(chu)(chu)一(yi)種新型的風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)-光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏-儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)-電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)聯合發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統，多目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)容(rong)量優(you)(you)化(hua)以(yi)最(zui)(zui)大化(hua)通道利用率(lv)和(he)(he)最(zui)(zui)小化(hua)平準化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)本為目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)。目(mu)(mu)(mu)前也(ye)有文(wen)獻(xian)開始(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站配置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)研(yan)究(jiu)［19-23］，文(wen)獻(xian)［19］針對(dui)(dui)(dui)含(han)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)的多能(neng)(neng)互補(bu)基地，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)以(yi)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本最(zui)(zui)低(di)作(zuo)為目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)，確(que)定(ding)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)時長和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)，但未考(kao)慮(lv)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站在(zai)高峰(feng)時段(duan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的價值(zhi)；文(wen)獻(xian)［20］針對(dui)(dui)(dui)含(han)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統的多能(neng)(neng)互補(bu)基地，基于分(fen)(fen)類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價和(he)(he)同(tong)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，分(fen)(fen)析(xi)了2種不同(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制對(dui)(dui)(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)配置(zhi)及(ji)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的影(ying)響；文(wen)獻(xian)［21-23］建立了含(han)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置(zhi)的太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的運(yun)行(xing)(xing)優(you)(you)化(hua)模型，但未對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的配置(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)。本文(wen)研(yan)究(jiu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)配置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)技術方(fang)案(an)，考(kao)慮(lv)配置(zhi)不同(tong)容(rong)量的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)設(she)備(bei)后，對(dui)(dui)(dui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)晚高峰(feng)時段(duan)頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)能(neng)(neng)力和(he)(he)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容(rong)量利用情況進行(xing)(xing)測算(suan)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，結合頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價得出(chu)(chu)較優(you)(you)方(fang)案(an)，以(yi)期為光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)的規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設(she)計提(ti)供(gong)參考(kao)。

1 

光伏光熱一體化項目電加熱配置方案

1.1含電加熱的太陽能熱發電電站發電原理

傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)塔(ta)式(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)主(zhu)要由聚光集熱(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)、吸(xi)(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)、儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、換熱(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)和發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)等5部分構成。圖1所示為含有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)塔(ta)式(shi)熔(rong)鹽(yan)太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理圖。可(ke)以(yi)看出，在塔(ta)式(shi)熔(rong)鹽(yan)太(tai)陽(yang)能熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中，約290℃的(de)(de)熔(rong)鹽(yan)經泵(beng)(beng)從(cong)冷(leng)罐送往(wang)吸(xi)(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)器，在吸(xi)(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)器內被加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)到(dao)(dao)565℃后(hou)進(jin)入熱(re)(re)(re)罐。當(dang)需要發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，熱(re)(re)(re)鹽(yan)經泵(beng)(beng)進(jin)入蒸汽(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)，產(chan)生過(guo)熱(re)(re)(re)蒸汽(qi)(qi)，進(jin)入汽(qi)(qi)輪機(ji)，實現(xian)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)朗肯循(xun)環發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。經蒸汽(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)放熱(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)鹽(yan)進(jin)入冷(leng)罐，再通過(guo)吸(xi)(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)器加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)重復上(shang)述(shu)過(guo)程。含有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)時，冷(leng)罐熔(rong)鹽(yan)經泵(beng)(beng)送往(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)，經電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)后(hou)進(jin)入熱(re)(re)(re)罐，熔(rong)鹽(yan)從(cong)冷(leng)罐到(dao)(dao)熱(re)(re)(re)罐多(duo)了一條與吸(xi)(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)器并行(xing)的(de)(de)通路(lu)，實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)(dao)熱(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)轉換和存儲(chu)［24］。

1.2數學模型

太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)儲(chu)熱(re)調節能(neng)(neng)力(li)、系統(tong)慣量(liang)支撐、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓支撐能(neng)(neng)力(li)等多(duo)個方面(mian)具(ju)有明(ming)顯優勢(shi)，與(yu)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)組成一(yi)體化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后可充(chong)分(fen)發揮(hui)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)與(yu)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)各自優勢(shi)，作為(wei)未來新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)支撐方案。在(zai)“雙碳”背景下，新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)滲透率不斷提高(gao)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)建設空間逐步被壓縮，未來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)中高(gao)峰時(shi)段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)保(bao)障面(mian)臨嚴峻(jun)挑戰(zhan)。因(yin)此，光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)光(guang)熱(re)一(yi)體化(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)的發展思路是，光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本低，太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鏡場投資(zi)大(da)，盡量(liang)減少鏡場面(mian)積(ji)，獲取(qu)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)部分(fen)以光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)主；配置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)熱(re)設備，利用光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)棄(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為(wei)熱(re)量(liang)存(cun)儲(chu)在(zai)儲(chu)熱(re)罐內，晚(wan)高(gao)峰時(shi)段發出，保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)；光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)所發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)優先滿(man)足(zu)儲(chu)熱(re)容(rong)量(liang)需求(qiu)。圖2為(wei)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)光(guang)熱(re)一(yi)體化(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)頂峰運行(xing)示意圖。

按上述思路，光伏(fu)光熱(re)(re)一(yi)體化項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的目(mu)標函數(shu)為：保證一(yi)體化項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)盈虧平衡時太(tai)陽能熱(re)(re)發電(dian)電(dian)站在高峰(feng)時段發電(dian)的上網電(dian)價最低，即：

2

算例分析

2.1算例系統參數

算例(li)(li)系統為中(zhong)國(guo)青海海西(xi)地(di)區(qu)某光(guang)伏(fu)光(guang)熱一體化(hua)基地(di)，該基地(di)中(zhong)光(guang)伏(fu)裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)為1600MW，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能熱發(fa)電(dian)裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)為400MW（2×200MW）。光(guang)伏(fu)出力特性采(cai)用基于多年(nian)歷史數(shu)據預測的(de)8760h特性曲線。太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能熱發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組采(cai)用塔式熔鹽技術，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)倍(bei)數(shu)是指整個電(dian)站的(de)所有聚光(guang)集(ji)熱設備（定(ding)日鏡）投運(yun)時(shi)吸熱器輸(shu)出的(de)熱功(gong)率(lv)和汽輪機(ji)額定(ding)負荷需(xu)要的(de)熱功(gong)率(lv)的(de)比值，在本算例(li)(li)中(zhong)，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)倍(bei)數(shu)為0.7，鏡場面積約(yue)64.6萬㎡，儲熱時(shi)長為6h。

2.2光伏光熱一體化電量測算

光伏(fu)理論年(nian)(nian)發電量(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)30.62億kWh，折年(nian)(nian)發電小時數(shu)(shu)約(yue)(yue)1914h，太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱發電理論年(nian)(nian)發電量(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)4.55億kWh，折年(nian)(nian)發電小時數(shu)(shu)僅1138h。截(jie)至2022年(nian)(nian)底，青海(hai)全省新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)28140MW，且已通過文件(jian)明(ming)確“十四(si)五”期(qi)間實施(shi)保障性并(bing)(bing)網(wang)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、市場(chang)化(hua)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、第一(yi)批(pi)大(da)基地項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、第二批(pi)大(da)基地項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、清(qing)潔取暖項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、揭榜掛帥項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、增量(liang)(liang)混改新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和普通市場(chang)化(hua)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，總容(rong)量(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)33280MW。根據初步(bu)測(ce)算(suan)，上述新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)全部投運后，2025年(nian)(nian)青海(hai)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)棄電率達到約(yue)(yue)30%。

表1 算例系統光伏光熱一體化配置方案

按上(shang)(shang)述思路，為充分(fen)發(fa)(fa)揮太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)儲熱(re)(re)(re)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，將光伏棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)存入(ru)儲熱(re)(re)(re)罐，滿足白天光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)搬移至(zhi)晚上(shang)(shang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求，以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)100MW為例，受制(zhi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)功(gong)率限(xian)制(zhi)，每年(nian)(nian)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)僅2.89億(yi)(yi)kWh，降低(di)項目(mu)自身棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率約(yue)(yue)(yue)9.4%，考(kao)慮(lv)轉換(huan)后發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)至(zhi)5.71億(yi)(yi)kWh，年(nian)(nian)利用小時(shi)數約(yue)(yue)(yue)1426h。整體年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)27.14億(yi)(yi)kWh，詳(xiang)見表(biao)2。該情形(xing)熔(rong)鹽儲熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)仍較大(da)富裕，最(zui)大(da)富裕容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)在5000MWh以(yi)上(shang)(shang)，詳(xiang)見表(biao)3。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)至(zhi)400MW，每年(nian)(nian)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)7.46億(yi)(yi)kWh，降低(di)項目(mu)自身棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率約(yue)(yue)(yue)24.4%，考(kao)慮(lv)轉換(huan)后發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)至(zhi)7.53億(yi)(yi)kWh，年(nian)(nian)利用小時(shi)數約(yue)(yue)(yue)1883 h。整體年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)28.97億(yi)(yi)kWh。該情形(xing)熔(rong)鹽儲熱(re)(re)(re)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)仍一定富裕，最(zui)大(da)富裕容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)在3000MWh以(yi)下(xia)。

表2 光伏光熱一體化電量測算

表3 光熱儲熱容量盈余區間天數測算

電(dian)(dian)加熱容量(liang)增(zeng)至800MW，每年(nian)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)9.91億kWh（除棄(qi)電(dian)(dian)外，部分光伏直接轉(zhuan)換為熱量(liang)儲存(cun)，滿足晚高峰(feng)時(shi)段頂峰(feng)需求(qiu)），考慮轉(zhuan)換后發電(dian)(dian)太陽能(neng)熱發電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)至8.52億kWh，年(nian)利用小時(shi)數約(yue)(yue)2129h。整體年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)29.22億kWh。該情形熔(rong)鹽儲熱容量(liang)基(ji)本沒(mei)有(you)富裕。

2.3頂峰能力測算

根(gen)據(ju)2018—2020年西(xi)(xi)北地區尖(jian)峰(feng)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)最(zui)長持續天數統計(ji)結果(guo)，西(xi)(xi)北地區冬季負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)最(zui)大(da)，日內以(yi)晚(wan)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，2018—2020年西(xi)(xi)北地區95%尖(jian)峰(feng)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)最(zui)長持續時(shi)間4~6 h。太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)自身具(ju)備儲(chu)熱(re)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，可作為(wei)保障高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)時(shi)段電(dian)力(li)供應的穩定電(dian)源考慮，逐步轉為(wei)容(rong)量支(zhi)撐(cheng)電(dian)源。一體化項目主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要依靠太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)儲(chu)熱(re)在晚(wan)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)段發電(dian)頂峰(feng)，頂峰(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要取決于(yu)太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)儲(chu)熱(re)電(dian)量多少，對一體化項目頂峰(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)進行(xing)計(ji)算分析，計(ji)算結果(guo)如圖3和表(biao)4所示(shi)。

表4 太陽能熱發電頂峰區間天數測算

若按保證晚(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)6 h進行測算(suan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)選擇(ze)100 MW，主要(yao)集(ji)中在白(bai)天(tian)(tian)光伏大(da)發(fa)(fa)的(de)8 h儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，正(zheng)常天(tian)(tian)氣太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)及(ji)(ji)依(yi)靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，晚(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)可達到350~400 MW的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)約(yue)147 d（占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)40%），但(dan)受制(zhi)(zhi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)限制(zhi)(zhi)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)有(you)(you)限，高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)分發(fa)(fa)揮，仍(reng)有(you)(you)105 d（占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)29%）晚(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)僅約(yue)50 MW，其他113 d（占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)31%）晚(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)150~350 MW。典(dian)型日(ri)工(gong)作(zuo)位(wei)置如(ru)圖4a所示。電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)選擇(ze)400 MW，主要(yao)集(ji)中在白(bai)天(tian)(tian)光伏大(da)發(fa)(fa)的(de)8 h儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，正(zheng)常天(tian)(tian)氣太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)及(ji)(ji)依(yi)靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，晚(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)可達到350~400 MW的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)約(yue)254 d（占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)70%），但(dan)受制(zhi)(zhi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)限制(zhi)(zhi)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)有(you)(you)限，高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)分發(fa)(fa)揮，仍(reng)有(you)(you)103 d（占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)28%）晚(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)在150~200 MW。典(dian)型日(ri)工(gong)作(zuo)位(wei)置見圖4b。電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)選擇(ze)800 MW，主要(yao)集(ji)中在白(bai)天(tian)(tian)光伏大(da)發(fa)(fa)的(de)8 h儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，正(zheng)常天(tian)(tian)氣太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)及(ji)(ji)依(yi)靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，晚(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)頂(ding)(ding)峰(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)可達到350~400 MW的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)約(yue)335 d（占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)92%）。

2.4太陽能熱發電頂峰電價分析

考慮光(guang)伏(fu)和太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)技術進步和成本(ben)下降趨勢(shi)，本(ben)文中光(guang)伏(fu)投資(zi)(zi)按(an)(an)(an)3100元(yuan)(yuan)/kW，太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)投資(zi)(zi)按(an)(an)(an)9000元(yuan)(yuan)/kW，電(dian)(dian)加熱(re)投資(zi)(zi)按(an)(an)(an)250元(yuan)(yuan)/kW。為保證(zheng)一體化(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目合理收益，光(guang)伏(fu)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)按(an)(an)(an)青海目前新能(neng)源標桿上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)0.2277元(yuan)(yuan)/kWh，對不同情形下太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)在(zai)高(gao)峰時(shi)段(duan)的上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)進行(xing)測(ce)算，計算結果見表1和圖3。可(ke)(ke)以看出(chu)，若電(dian)(dian)加熱(re)容量(liang)選(xuan)擇100 MW，太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰時(shi)段(duan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)達到0.9209元(yuan)(yuan)/kWh，才(cai)可(ke)(ke)保證(zheng)一體化(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目投資(zi)(zi)回(hui)收；電(dian)(dian)加熱(re)容量(liang)選(xuan)擇600~800 MW，太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰時(shi)段(duan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)僅約(yue)0.6600元(yuan)(yuan)/kWh，可(ke)(ke)保證(zheng)一體化(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目投資(zi)(zi)回(hui)收，詳見圖5和表5。

表5 太陽能熱發電電站高峰時段盈虧電價測算

3

結論

1）光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本低，太陽能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鏡場(chang)投資(zi)大，僅(jin)從獲取(qu)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)的角度(du)，太陽能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鏡場(chang)部分投資(zi)始終高(gao)(gao)于光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，未來新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中光伏(fu)和太陽能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)按(an)一體化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)建設，太陽能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站可(ke)(ke)盡量(liang)(liang)(liang)減少鏡場(chang)面積，獲取(qu)能量(liang)(liang)(liang)部分以(yi)光伏(fu)為(wei)主，太陽能熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站配置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)(re)設備，光伏(fu)所發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)優先滿足儲(chu)熱(re)(re)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)需(xu)求，儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)在晚高(gao)(gao)峰時段(duan)發(fa)(fa)出，保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應(ying)。

2）本(ben)文所提(ti)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)配(pei)置1600MW光伏、400MW太陽能(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)電(dian)站，若(ruo)電(dian)加熱(re)(re)容量選擇(ze)400MW，可基本(ben)保證全(quan)年70%以上(shang)天(tian)數晚高峰(feng)時段頂(ding)峰(feng)能(neng)力達到(dao)350~400MW；若(ruo)電(dian)加熱(re)(re)容量選擇(ze)800MW，可基本(ben)保證全(quan)年90%以上(shang)天(tian)數晚高峰(feng)時段頂(ding)峰(feng)能(neng)力達到(dao)350~400MW。綜合(he)(he)保證一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)合(he)(he)理收益得太陽能(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)電(dian)價頂(ding)峰(feng)電(dian)價測算分析，該(gai)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)電(dian)加熱(re)(re)容量可選擇(ze)600~800MW。

3）建議盡(jin)快建立容(rong)量電(dian)價機制，完善現貨市場體(ti)系，通過電(dian)價政策或市場調(diao)節保(bao)證光伏光熱(re)一體(ti)化項(xiang)目獲取合理收益(yi)。

作者：李富春1，田旭2，黨楠1，劉飛2，楊曉妮1，劉聯濤2

（1.中國電力工程顧問集團西北電力設計院有限公司，西安710075；2.國網青海省電力公司經濟技術研究院，西寧810001）