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根(gen)據油(you)氣(qi)(qi)生產用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特點，立足自(zi)身消納，充分(fen)(fen)利用已(yi)建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、變(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施及(ji)空閑土地資源，建設分(fen)(fen)散(san)式風力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)光伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，利用高(gao)效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)設備(bei)(bei)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)強化(hua)油(you)氣(qi)(qi)處理技術，開展燃油(you)、燃氣(qi)(qi)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)爐(lu)(lu)替代(dai)改造(zao)，構(gou)建高(gao)效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)化(hua)流程(cheng)，提高(gao)用能(neng)效(xiao)率，推動生產用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)清潔化(hua)程(cheng)度不斷提高(gao)。其中適應于(yu)稠(chou)油(you)、稀油(you)、氣(qi)(qi)田等(deng)應用場(chang)景(jing)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)相變(bian)爐(lu)(lu)、高(gao)壓直入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)爐(lu)(lu)等(deng)直熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)式綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍋(guo)(guo)爐(lu)(lu)和(he)(he)蓄熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)式高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)爐(lu)(lu)、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)儲(chu)一體(ti)化(hua)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)爐(lu)(lu)、光熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)儲(chu)一體(ti)化(hua)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)爐(lu)(lu)和(he)(he)固體(ti)蓄熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)注汽鍋(guo)(guo)爐(lu)(lu)等(deng)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)式綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍋(guo)(guo)爐(lu)(lu)等(deng)設備(bei)(bei)，已(yi)逐漸從“實(shi)驗場(chang)”走(zou)向“應用場(chang)”。

1

技術原理

熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽做為(wei)儲能(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)熱(re)工質(zhi)，具有良好的(de)(de)儲熱(re)和(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)熱(re)性能(neng)(neng)，根(gen)據熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽的(de)(de)性質(zhi)及(ji)油(you)(you)田(tian)注汽生產(chan)特點(dian)，自主(zhu)研發電(dian)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽儲熱(re)注汽工藝，將不連(lian)續的(de)(de)谷時電(dian)或(huo)不穩定的(de)(de)綠電(dian)通過熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽電(dian)加熱(re)器轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)儲存在(zai)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽中，通過熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽加熱(re)直(zhi)流式濕(shi)(shi)飽和(he)(he)(he)蒸汽發生裝置，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽熱(re)能(neng)(neng)24小時連(lian)續與油(you)(you)田(tian)采出水換(huan)熱(re)生產(chan)適合油(you)(you)田(tian)注汽的(de)(de)濕(shi)(shi)飽和(he)(he)(he)蒸汽，實(shi)現電(dian)能(neng)(neng)到熱(re)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)高效儲能(neng)(neng)及(ji)直(zhi)接轉化(hua)(hua)利(li)用，替代(dai)現有燃氣(qi)注汽鍋(guo)爐。相比于熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽蒸汽發電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，減少熱(re)能(neng)(neng)向電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)二次轉化(hua)(hua)，效率提(ti)升50%左右(you)，同時達到注汽系(xi)統(tong)(tong)清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源替代(dai)的(de)(de)目標，減少天然氣(qi)消耗(hao)及(ji)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳排放。

圖1電(dian)熱熔鹽儲能技術原(yuan)理(li)示意圖

2

技術特點

（1）主要特點

電熱熔鹽儲(chu)熱注汽(qi)(qi)工(gong)藝(yi)系統技(ji)術：根據(ju)熔鹽的性質及(ji)油(you)田(tian)注汽(qi)(qi)生(sheng)產特(te)點，自(zi)主(zhu)研(yan)發了電熱熔鹽儲(chu)熱注汽(qi)(qi)工(gong)藝(yi)流程，適用(yong)于油(you)田(tian)含硅高、礦化度高、含氯(lv)高的水質特(te)點，可產生(sheng)適合(he)注汽(qi)(qi)生(sheng)產要(yao)求的濕飽和蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)，且具(ju)有良好的變負荷調(diao)節性能(neng)；系統熱效率大于90%。

熔鹽加熱(re)(re)直(zhi)流式(shi)濕飽和蒸汽發(fa)生(sheng)裝置：創(chuang)新采用多級耦合技術及直(zhi)流式(shi)換熱(re)(re)結構，實現濕蒸汽發(fa)生(sheng)，屬于首(shou)臺套研制，達到國際領先水(shui)平。

蒸(zheng)汽發(fa)生(sheng)器干(gan)(gan)度精準(zhun)調控(kong)技術：通(tong)過電加熱(re)熔鹽蒸(zheng)汽發(fa)生(sheng)系(xi)統基礎理論研(yan)究(jiu)，結合工藝PID流程，以控(kong)制干(gan)(gan)度為目標，研(yan)究(jiu)并建立基于(yu)多輸入數(shu)學(xue)模型(xing)（模型(xing)預測控(kong)制方法）的先(xian)進控(kong)制技術和基于(yu)機理模型(xing)的蒸(zheng)汽發(fa)生(sheng)系(xi)統實時優化技術。創新采用粗、細兩級調節及(ji)聯鎖控(kong)制，實現蒸(zheng)汽干(gan)(gan)度自動(dong)調控(kong)，精準(zhun)控(kong)制誤差≤±5%。

高溫熔鹽罐罐體設計技(ji)術：通過材質選擇，罐體結構適(shi)應性設計，滿足儲(chu)(chu)罐高溫使用(yong)要求；使用(yong)ANSYS軟件對儲(chu)(chu)罐強度、熱應力(li)、預熱和進(jin)(jin)鹽系統流場進(jin)(jin)行分析，實(shi)現罐體均勻(yun)升溫。

高地(di)(di)下水(shui)位地(di)(di)區外環墻式高溫儲罐(guan)基礎技(ji)術：采用ABAQUS軟件建立精細化實體仿真模(mo)型，實現(xian)儲罐(guan)基礎高溫環境下的二維穩態分析，首次應用外環墻式樁筏隔熱復合(he)基礎技(ji)術，實現(xian)560℃的高溫熔鹽(yan)罐(guan)基礎溫度≤60℃。

大(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)熔鹽電加熱(re)器(qi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)遞減串級加熱(re)技術：熔鹽電加熱(re)器(qi)采用功(gong)(gong)率(lv)遞減串級加熱(re)模式，降低高溫級的升溫速率(lv)，防止熔鹽局部(bu)高溫分解，確保熔鹽系統(tong)安全運行。

蒸汽發(fa)生器(qi)緊(jin)(jin)急泄(xie)放(fang)安(an)全保(bao)障技(ji)術(shu)：蒸發(fa)器(qi)采(cai)用直流(liu)式換熱(re)結構，為防止(zhi)系(xi)統緊(jin)(jin)急停運(yun)時(shi)，產生的(de)高(gao)溫過熱(re)蒸汽進入(ru)油田注汽系(xi)統，自主研發(fa)蒸汽發(fa)生器(qi)緊(jin)(jin)急泄(xie)放(fang)流(liu)程，設置(zhi)柱塞(sai)泵、泄(xie)壓閥、排氣(qi)閥聯鎖控制(zhi)安(an)全保(bao)障技(ji)術(shu)，消除緊(jin)(jin)急泄(xie)放(fang)時(shi)的(de)安(an)全隱患和噪聲污染，確(que)保(bao)系(xi)統運(yun)行安(an)全。

（2）技術先進性

適(shi)用(yong)注(zhu)汽(qi)生產(chan)：電(dian)熱熔鹽儲能注(zhu)汽(qi)技術(shu)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)油(you)田采出(chu)水含硅高、礦化度(du)高、含氯高的水質特點，可(ke)產(chan)生適(shi)合注(zhu)汽(qi)生產(chan)要求的濕飽和蒸汽(qi)，且具(ju)有(you)良好的變負荷(he)調節(jie)性能，負荷(he)調節(jie)范圍(wei)60%~100%。

蒸汽干度精準高(gao)：創新(xin)采用粗、細兩級調節及聯鎖控制(zhi)(zhi)，實現(xian)蒸汽干度自動調控，精準控制(zhi)(zhi)誤差(cha)≤±5%。

系統(tong)(tong)熱(re)效(xiao)率(lv)高：電熱(re)熔鹽(yan)儲能(neng)(neng)注汽(qi)技術實現(xian)電能(neng)(neng)到(dao)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)的高效(xiao)儲能(neng)(neng)及直接(jie)轉化(hua)利用(yong)，系統(tong)(tong)熱(re)效(xiao)率(lv)大于90%，相比于熔鹽(yan)蒸汽(qi)發電系統(tong)(tong)，減少熱(re)能(neng)(neng)向電能(neng)(neng)的二次轉化(hua)，效(xiao)率(lv)提升(sheng)50%左右，同時達到(dao)注汽(qi)系統(tong)(tong)清潔能(neng)(neng)源替代的目標，減少天然氣消耗及二氧化(hua)碳排放。

（3）技術經濟性

以6噸(dun)/小時（15兆(zhao)瓦級）電熱熔鹽(yan)儲能注汽(qi)項目為例，建設投資(zi)5990萬(wan)元，全年運(yun)行(xing)電費946.9萬(wan)（含谷電），替(ti)代天然氣量313萬(wan)立方(fang)米,節約蒸汽(qi)實際(ji)運(yun)行(xing)成本841萬(wan)元。

3

適用范圍及推廣前景

電(dian)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)注汽(qi)(qi)(qi)技(ji)術在稠油(you)(you)(you)注汽(qi)(qi)(qi)系統的推廣(guang)應(ying)用，可(ke)(ke)(ke)替(ti)代(dai)油(you)(you)(you)田SAGD及蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)驅(qu)等連續運行(xing)的常(chang)規(gui)燃氣注汽(qi)(qi)(qi)站，僅遼河(he)油(you)(you)(you)田可(ke)(ke)(ke)替(ti)代(dai)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)1600萬噸/年，消(xiao)納(na)谷電(dian)/綠電(dian)108億(yi)度，實(shi)現(xian)天然氣減(jian)耗10.4億(yi)方、二氧化碳減(jian)排225萬噸，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)規(gui)模(mo)464萬千瓦(wa)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)支(zhi)撐遼寧(ning)省光(guang)伏發電(dian)裝機容量(liang)935萬千瓦(wa)或風電(dian)裝機容量(liang)450萬千瓦(wa)電(dian)量(liang)全部消(xiao)納(na)。巨大的綠電(dian)消(xiao)納(na)能(neng)(neng)力和(he)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)規(gui)模(mo)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)提升電(dian)網靈活調節能(neng)(neng)力，促進遼寧(ning)省能(neng)(neng)源供需(xu)平衡，實(shi)現(xian)風光(guang)棄電(dian)量(liang)、棄電(dian)率雙降(jiang)，熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)做為稠油(you)(you)(you)注汽(qi)(qi)(qi)系統清潔替(ti)代(dai)技(ji)術具(ju)有廣(guang)闊的應(ying)用前景(jing)。該(gai)技(ji)術成果(guo)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)促進適用于稠油(you)(you)(you)注汽(qi)(qi)(qi)系統的電(dian)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)熱(re)技(ji)術成果(guo)編制，形成系列化標(biao)準規(gui)范(fan)及技(ji)術手冊，可(ke)(ke)(ke)為中石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)稠油(you)(you)(you)油(you)(you)(you)田注汽(qi)(qi)(qi)系統清潔替(ti)代(dai)起到示范(fan)和(he)引(yin)(yin)領(ling)作用，同時熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)熱(re)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)發生(sheng)技(ji)術可(ke)(ke)(ke)在石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)、石(shi)化、鋼鐵(tie)、煉(lian)化等需(xu)要蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)產的行(xing)業起到引(yin)(yin)領(ling)和(he)示范(fan)意義(yi)。

電熱熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲能(neng)注汽(qi)技術(shu)為遼(liao)河(he)油(you)(you)(you)田分公司(si)中油(you)(you)(you)遼(liao)河(he)工程有(you)限公司(si)自主研發(fa)的(de)新型(xing)技術(shu)，已形(xing)成(cheng)完成(cheng)的(de)工藝技術(shu)包，擁有(you)該技術(shu)全部知識產權。中油(you)(you)(you)遼(liao)河(he)工程有(you)限公司(si)在稠油(you)(you)(you)注汽(qi)領(ling)域建設(she)擁有(you)50余(yu)年的(de)工程業(ye)績，是行(xing)業(ye)標注《稠油(you)(you)(you)注汽(qi)系統(tong)設(she)計(ji)規范》的(de)主編單位，具有(you)完善的(de)供(gong)應鏈、先進的(de)技術(shu)水平和豐富工程經驗(yan)。未來(lai)可通(tong)過技術(shu)服務、技術(shu)許可、專利轉讓等形(xing)式開展合作