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一、總體發展現狀

太陽能(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)（也(ye)稱光熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)）技(ji)術(shu)是(shi)通(tong)過反(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)將(jiang)太陽的(de)直接輻(fu)射(she)聚焦到吸(xi)熱(re)器上，加熱(re)吸(xi)熱(re)介質，將(jiang)光能(neng)轉換成熱(re)能(neng)，再(zai)利用汽輪發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機組發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)太陽能(neng)利用技(ji)術(shu)。太陽能(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)通(tong)過配置儲熱(re)系統(tong)可(ke)(ke)以承擔基本負荷(he)或高峰負荷(he)，不受光照強度變(bian)化的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)功率穩定可(ke)(ke)靠，可(ke)(ke)以實現(xian)24小時連續發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)，具(ju)有良好的(de)電(dian)(dian)力輸出穩定性(xing)和(he)可(ke)(ke)調(diao)度性(xing)能(neng)，增強電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)消納可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)力的(de)能(neng)力，對構建新(xin)型能(neng)源體系具(ju)有重要(yao)意義。

截至2023年底(di)，我(wo)國并網運行的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽能熱發電機組總容(rong)量為570MW。從地域分(fen)布(bu)來看(kan)，由于(yu)我(wo)國西(xi)北地區太(tai)(tai)陽能資源豐富(fu)，輻射強度(du)高，因而(er)國內已(yi)并網的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽能熱電站集中于(yu)西(xi)北地區。從技術(shu)路線(xian)來看(kan)，塔式(shi)(shi)(shi)、槽式(shi)(shi)(shi)和線(xian)性菲涅爾(er)式(shi)(shi)(shi)機組的(de)并網容(rong)量分(fen)別為370MW、150MW和50MW，各占(zhan)64.9%、26.3%和8.8%。

二、技術和產業發展歷程

（一）技術儲備階段：多個具(ju)有(you)自主知(zhi)識(shi)產權(quan)的小型試驗(yan)項(xiang)目建成，為規模(mo)化示范應用奠定基礎

我(wo)國(guo)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)始(shi)于上世紀70年(nian)(nian)代，由于工藝及(ji)材料等薄(bo)弱(ruo)環(huan)節的(de)限制，最初發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展較為緩慢(man)。2005年(nian)(nian)，南京(jing)江寧70kW塔式(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗站成(cheng)功發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，標志(zhi)著我(wo)國(guo)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)進入(ru)試(shi)驗性示范階段。此后(hou)，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)被列入(ru)《國(guo)家(jia)(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)長(chang)期科學和(he)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展規劃(hua)(hua)綱要（2006—2020）》、國(guo)家(jia)(jia)高(gao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)（863計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)）及(ji)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)重點(dian)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)，2007年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)布的(de)《可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源中(zhong)(zhong)長(chang)期發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展規劃(hua)(hua)》也(ye)首(shou)(shou)次明確要求建(jian)(jian)設較大規模(mo)(mo)的(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。經過國(guo)內高(gao)校(xiao)及(ji)科研(yan)院(yuan)所的(de)聯合(he)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，2012年(nian)(nian)起，不(bu)同(tong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)路線(xian)、容量等級(ji)的(de)具有完全自(zi)主(zhu)知識產(chan)權的(de)小型試(shi)驗項(xiang)目(mu)陸續建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)投產(chan)。2012年(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)，我(wo)國(guo)自(zi)主(zhu)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、設計(ji)(ji)和(he)建(jian)(jian)設的(de)亞(ya)洲(zhou)首(shou)(shou)座(zuo)兆瓦級(ji)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站——中(zhong)(zhong)科院(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工所延慶1MW塔式(shi)試(shi)驗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站歷經6年(nian)(nian)項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)設期，首(shou)(shou)次實(shi)現(xian)成(cheng)功發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這是我(wo)國(guo)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)邁向產(chan)業化進程(cheng)的(de)重要里程(cheng)碑。2013年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)(yue)，我(wo)國(guo)首(shou)(shou)座(zuo)并網發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)大規模(mo)(mo)商(shang)業化太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)，同(tong)時也(ye)是全球第六座(zuo)實(shi)現(xian)商(shang)業化運(yun)營(ying)的(de)塔式(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站——青(qing)海(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)德令(ling)哈10MW塔式(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)功并網。同(tong)期，我(wo)國(guo)還建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)了(le)內蒙(meng)古三(san)花綠色太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)城項(xiang)目(mu)一期1MW碟(die)式(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗項(xiang)目(mu)、江蘇鑫晨(chen)300kW二(er)次反(fan)射塔式(shi)系統(tong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗項(xiang)目(mu)等。

這一階段，我國初步具備了商業化太陽能(neng)熱發電站成(cheng)套(tao)設(she)備的供貨能(neng)力，但由(you)于國內缺(que)乏太陽能(neng)熱發電的市(shi)場需(xu)求，尚未(wei)形成(cheng)完整的產業鏈(lian)。

（二）商業化示范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)設(she)運行(xing)階段：首批示范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)目集(ji)中(zhong)建(jian)設(she)運行(xing)，裝機容量迅(xun)速增長

2016年9月(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)家能(neng)(neng)(neng)源局(ju)印發(fa)(fa)(fa)《關(guan)于(yu)建(jian)設太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的通知》，啟(qi)動首(shou)(shou)批(pi)(pi)(pi)20個太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。同月(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)家發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委印發(fa)(fa)(fa)《關(guan)于(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)桿(gan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策的通知》，規定(ding)2018年12月(yue)(yue)31日前全部投運(yun)的首(shou)(shou)批(pi)(pi)(pi)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)執(zhi)行(xing)1.15元/kWh（含稅）標(biao)桿(gan)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價。國(guo)(guo)家首(shou)(shou)批(pi)(pi)(pi)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)清單和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策的落(luo)地加速(su)我國(guo)(guo)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術走向成(cheng)熟(shu)，開啟(qi)了(le)商業化進程(cheng)。自(zi)2018年起，多個示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)成(cheng)功(gong)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，裝機容量快速(su)擴張。2018年6月(yue)(yue)，我國(guo)(guo)首(shou)(shou)個大(da)型(xing)商業化太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)——中(zhong)廣核德令哈(ha)50MW槽式(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)一次并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)成(cheng)功(gong)。2018年12月(yue)(yue)，首(shou)(shou)航節能(neng)(neng)(neng)敦(dun)煌100MW熔(rong)鹽(yan)塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)中(zhong)控德令哈(ha)50MW熔(rong)鹽(yan)塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，分別成(cheng)為我國(guo)(guo)首(shou)(shou)個100MW和(he)50MW的塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。2019年12月(yue)(yue)，世界首(shou)(shou)例商業化運(yun)行(xing)的線性菲涅爾(er)式(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)——蘭(lan)州大(da)成(cheng)敦(dun)煌50MW菲涅爾(er)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)一次并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)成(cheng)功(gong)。2020年1月(yue)(yue)，我國(guo)(guo)首(shou)(shou)座百兆瓦級槽式(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)——烏拉(la)特中(zhong)旗100MW槽式(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)一次并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)成(cheng)功(gong)。同期，中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)建(jian)共(gong)和(he)50MW熔(rong)鹽(yan)塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等多個示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)成(cheng)功(gong)。除首(shou)(shou)批(pi)(pi)(pi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)外，2019年9月(yue)(yue)，我國(guo)(guo)首(shou)(shou)個風、光、熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)、儲多能(neng)(neng)(neng)互(hu)補一體化示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)——魯能(neng)(neng)(neng)海西多能(neng)(neng)(neng)互(hu)補集成(cheng)優化示(shi)(shi)范(fan)工程(cheng)50MW塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)一次并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)成(cheng)功(gong)。

這一階段，在首(shou)批示范(fan)項目建(jian)設(she)(she)運行的推動下，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)太(tai)陽能熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電技術(shu)水(shui)平(ping)快(kuai)速進(jin)步，裝備制造(zao)水(shui)平(ping)不斷提高，形成了完整的產業鏈，國(guo)(guo)(guo)產化(hua)率達到90%以(yi)上。在聚光、吸熱(re)(re)(re)、儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)和換熱(re)(re)(re)技術(shu)及電站系(xi)統(tong)集成等(deng)方面已經與世界同步，部(bu)分達到國(guo)(guo)(guo)際先進(jin)水(shui)平(ping)，自主研發(fa)了大量適應國(guo)(guo)(guo)內自然條件的關鍵技術(shu)，涌現了一批具有商業電站供貨(huo)業績和國(guo)(guo)(guo)際競爭力的設(she)(she)備和材(cai)料生產企業。反射(she)(she)鏡(jing)、真(zhen)空集熱(re)(re)(re)管等(deng)槽(cao)式集熱(re)(re)(re)場(chang)主要(yao)設(she)(she)備和定日鏡(jing)、吸熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)等(deng)塔式鏡(jing)場(chang)主要(yao)設(she)(she)備均(jun)實現國(guo)(guo)(guo)產化(hua)，產品關鍵技術(shu)指標與國(guo)(guo)(guo)際一流供貨(huo)商的產品基本相(xiang)當。熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)罐實現國(guo)(guo)(guo)產化(hua)設(she)(she)計制造(zao)和加工(gong)，在第一批太(tai)陽能熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電示范(fan)項目中得到應用。部(bu)分設(she)(she)備和材(cai)料仍需進(jin)口，如槽(cao)式導(dao)熱(re)(re)(re)油(you)系(xi)統(tong)旋轉(zhuan)接頭、導(dao)熱(re)(re)(re)油(you)泵、熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)泵、反射(she)(she)鏡(jing)保護用油(you)漆和陶瓷粘結劑及部(bu)分儀表閥門(men)等(deng)。

國(guo)(guo)際項目(mu)(mu)(mu)方(fang)面，我國(guo)(guo)光熱(re)(re)(re)企業積極參與海外市(shi)場。2015年(nian)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)能(neng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)西(xi)北電(dian)力設(she)計(ji)院(yuan)和(he)山(shan)東電(dian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)三公(gong)(gong)(gong)司通(tong)過競標得(de)到了摩洛哥(ge)努奧(ao)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)設(she)計(ji)和(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)作，機(ji)組于(yu)(yu)2018年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)正式(shi)(shi)投運。首(shou)批示范項目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)為我國(guo)(guo)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)相關企業積累了工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)經驗(yan)，開創了商業電(dian)站的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)業績，進(jin)一步推動光熱(re)(re)(re)產(chan)業走出國(guo)(guo)門(men)。2018年(nian)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，由(you)上海電(dian)氣集團股份有(you)限公(gong)(gong)(gong)司擔(dan)任(ren)EPC總承包的(de)迪拜(bai)950MW光熱(re)(re)(re)光伏一體化項目(mu)(mu)(mu)正式(shi)(shi)開工(gong)(gong)。該項目(mu)(mu)(mu)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)容量700MW，包括1座(zuo)100MW塔(ta)式(shi)(shi)和(he)3座(zuo)200MW槽式(shi)(shi)電(dian)站，其中(zhong)槽式(shi)(shi)1號(hao)機(ji)組于(yu)(yu)2022年(nian)11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)首(shou)次并網發電(dian)，塔(ta)式(shi)(shi)機(ji)組經過全面調試后于(yu)(yu)2023年(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)實現(xian)滿負荷(he)運行(xing)，槽式(shi)(shi)2號(hao)和(he)3號(hao)機(ji)組分別(bie)于(yu)(yu)2023年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)2023年(nian)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)并網發電(dian)。2019年(nian)11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)能(neng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)葛(ge)洲壩國(guo)(guo)際公(gong)(gong)(gong)司和(he)浙江中(zhong)控太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司組成的(de)聯營(ying)體在希臘成功簽(qian)署(shu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)MINOS 50MW太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)多邊(bian)合作協議，這是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)產(chan)業首(shou)次以“技術+裝備+工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)+資金(jin)+運營(ying)”的(de)全生命周期模(mo)式(shi)(shi)走出國(guo)(guo)門(men)。

（三）風光熱一(yi)體(ti)化建(jian)設階(jie)段：從(cong)獨立(li)電(dian)站向(xiang)多(duo)能(neng)源協同(tong)發展(zhan)，多(duo)個“光熱+光伏/風電(dian)”多(duo)能(neng)互(hu)補示范項目投入建(jian)設

2021年(nian)6月，國家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展改革(ge)委《關(guan)于2021年(nian)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)有關(guan)事(shi)項的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知》明確，2021年(nian)起(qi)，新(xin)核(he)準（備(bei)案）光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)(mu)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)由(you)當地(di)省(sheng)級價(jia)格主管部(bu)門制定(ding)，具(ju)備(bei)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)通(tong)過競爭性配置(zhi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式形成(cheng)，上網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)高于當地(di)燃(ran)煤發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)準價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)準價(jia)以內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業(ye)結(jie)算。由(you)于不再(zai)享受中(zhong)央財(cai)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)補(bu)貼政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)，同(tong)時(shi)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)無法(fa)向后端傳導，太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)建(jian)(jian)設幾乎(hu)停滯。2021年(nian)10月，國務院印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《2030年(nian)前碳達(da)峰行(xing)動方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案》中(zhong)明確提出積極(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，推(tui)動建(jian)(jian)立太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)互補(bu)調(diao)節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)綜(zong)合可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)。在該《方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引領(ling)下，隨著我(wo)(wo)國第一(yi)(yi)批大(da)型(xing)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)項目(mu)(mu)全面(mian)開工以及第二(er)批、第三批大(da)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)項目(mu)(mu)陸續推(tui)進，多個省(sheng)市出臺(tai)了太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站與(yu)(yu)(yu)其他新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)打捆(kun)建(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)，有效促進了太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術推(tui)廣應用，使首批示范(fan)后陷入沉寂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)業(ye)迎來新(xin)一(yi)(yi)波發(fa)(fa)(fa)展熱(re)(re)潮。內蒙(meng)古自(zi)治區(qu)2022年(nian)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《蒙(meng)西新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統建(jian)(jian)設行(xing)動方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案（1.0版）》指出，發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)調(diao)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)和系(xi)統支撐能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，布局建(jian)(jian)設長時(shi)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)型(xing)太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)(mu)，推(tui)動太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化建(jian)(jian)設運(yun)行(xing)。新(xin)疆維(wei)吾爾自(zi)治區(qu)2023年(nian)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《關(guan)于加快推(tui)進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)及關(guan)聯產(chan)業(ye)協(xie)同(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知》明確指出，以風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)型(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化建(jian)(jian)設方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式滿足園(yuan)區(qu)新(xin)增(zeng)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)配置(zhi)比例為9∶1；風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)配置(zhi)比例按9×（上一(yi)(yi)年(nian)度區(qu)域光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)平均利用小時(shi)數(shu)/風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平均利用小時(shi)數(shu)）∶1計(ji)算，原則上不超(chao)過6∶1。太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位從單體(ti)規模化發(fa)(fa)(fa)展轉向配合風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)等新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)承擔新(xin)型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，實現以新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)調(diao)節、支撐新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)峰等需求，解(jie)決新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝機容(rong)量(liang)大(da)幅增(zeng)長帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)并網(wang)(wang)(wang)消納問(wen)題；另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)通(tong)過多能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)互補(bu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式提高經濟性。截至2023年(nian)底(di)，在各(ge)地(di)政(zheng)府公布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名單中(zhong)，我(wo)(wo)國各(ge)省(sheng)和自(zi)治區(qu)在建(jian)(jian)和擬(ni)建(jian)(jian)太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)(mu)約43個，總裝機容(rong)量(liang)約4800MW，預計(ji)于2025年(nian)前全部(bu)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)。

這一階段，在市(shi)場需求的帶動(dong)下，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)產(chan)業鏈得到了(le)進(jin)一步發(fa)(fa)展。多條太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)專用(yong)部件(jian)和裝備生產(chan)線(xian)建成投產(chan)，具備了(le)支撐太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)大規(gui)模發(fa)(fa)展的供應能(neng)(neng)力。相關企業自主開發(fa)(fa)了(le)熔鹽(yan)(yan)泵、熔鹽(yan)(yan)閥、旋轉接(jie)頭(tou)、吸(xi)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)管材等部件(jian)替代進(jin)口產(chan)品(pin)，并已開始在投運的機組(zu)上(shang)試用(yong)。

三、發展趨勢展望

2023年3月，國(guo)(guo)家能(neng)(neng)源局《關(guan)于推動光(guang)熱發電規模(mo)化發展有關(guan)事項的(de)通(tong)知》提出力爭“十(shi)四(si)五(wu)”期間，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)光(guang)熱發電每年新(xin)增開工(gong)規模(mo)達到300萬千瓦左右(you)，標志著我國(guo)(guo)太陽能(neng)(neng)熱發電進入規模(mo)化發展的(de)新(xin)階段(duan)。在構(gou)建新(xin)型能(neng)(neng)源體系總(zong)體目(mu)標的(de)引領下，我國(guo)(guo)太陽能(neng)(neng)熱發電產業將呈現如下發展趨(qu)勢：

一是在(zai)產(chan)業(ye)鏈自主化(hua)方面(mian)，太陽能熱發(fa)電關(guan)鍵(jian)裝備(bei)加快實現全(quan)面(mian)國產(chan)化(hua)替代。為(wei)打破進(jin)口依賴，保障(zhang)產(chan)業(ye)安全(quan)穩定發(fa)展(zhan)，熔(rong)鹽(yan)泵、熔(rong)鹽(yan)閥、熔(rong)鹽(yan)流量(liang)計、旋(xuan)轉接頭等工況環境嚴(yan)苛、技術參數(shu)要求高的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)部件需盡快攻克(ke)“卡(ka)脖子”難(nan)題，實現完全(quan)自主可控。

二是在應用創新(xin)方(fang)面，發(fa)揮太(tai)陽能(neng)熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)各條技術路線的優(you)勢，拓展應用場景(jing)。例如將太(tai)陽能(neng)熱與傳統(tong)火電(dian)(dian)廠熱力(li)系(xi)統(tong)通過不(bu)同(tong)方(fang)式(shi)耦合(he)互補(bu)，在機組發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量不(bu)變(bian)的前提下，太(tai)陽能(neng)熱系(xi)統(tong)能(neng)夠替(ti)代部(bu)分燃煤消耗(hao)。除(chu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)外，在工商業場景(jing)開展供應工業蒸汽、供暖等多(duo)元化應用。

三(san)是在(zai)技(ji)(ji)術創新方面(mian)，加快寬溫域熔鹽(yan)、液態金(jin)屬儲(chu)能(neng)介(jie)質(zhi)、顆粒儲(chu)熱介(jie)質(zhi)、塔式光熱發(fa)電(dian)與(yu)超臨界二氧化碳發(fa)電(dian)結合(he)等前沿技(ji)(ji)術研發(fa)，支撐太陽(yang)能(neng)熱發(fa)電(dian)產(chan)業規模化發(fa)展。

作者：許雪荃，李博，徐東杰(jie)（電力規劃設(she)計總院）。