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我國能源資源與電力負荷分布不均衡性決定了西電東送的必要性。甘肅具有豐富的風能、太陽能資源，自2007年國家批準在酒泉地區建立國內首個千萬千瓦級風電基地以來，甘肅新能源發展迅猛，目前已成為全國重要的新能源基地之一，甘肅電網成為典型的新能源送端電網。

大(da)力開(kai)展電(dian)力外送，是(shi)甘肅(su)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)型經濟轉型發(fa)展的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)措施，有(you)(you)利(li)于更大(da)范圍內(nei)合理(li)配(pei)置資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)、促進新能(neng)源(yuan)消納(na)，在國家節(jie)能(neng)減排和能(neng)源(yuan)優化配(pei)置領域中起到越來越重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)作用(yong)。實踐也已經證(zheng)明，在甘肅(su)電(dian)力市場供(gong)大(da)于需、省內(nei)消納(na)空間有(you)(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)情況下，大(da)力開(kai)展電(dian)力外送，有(you)(you)利(li)于緩解新能(neng)源(yuan)棄(qi)風(feng)棄(qi)光矛(mao)盾(dun)，是(shi)打破(po)甘肅(su)新能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)展困(kun)境的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)手(shou)段(duan)。

甘肅外送電開展現狀

（一）外送電通道逐年改善。

甘肅(su)電(dian)網位于西(xi)北電(dian)網中心(xin)，從西(xi)北地區網架結(jie)構看，甘肅(su)處于“四室(shi)一(yi)廳(ting)”中間位置。國內第一(yi)條以輸送新能源為主(zhu)的特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流跨(kua)區輸電(dian)通道酒泉至湖南±800千(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流工程(cheng)于2017年6月建成(cheng)投運。

目前，甘(gan)(gan)肅可(ke)以利用的外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)通(tong)道(dao)主(zhu)要有(you)7個：一是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)甘(gan)(gan)肅祁(qi)韶直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)點對點送(song)(song)(song)湖南；二是借道(dao)新疆天中直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)送(song)(song)(song)河南；三是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)寧(ning)夏(xia)靈(ling)(ling)紹(shao)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)送(song)(song)(song)浙江；四是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)寧(ning)夏(xia)銀(yin)東(dong)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)山東(dong)；五是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)靈(ling)(ling)寶(bao)、德(de)(de)寶(bao)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)華中；六是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)甘(gan)(gan)青聯絡線外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)青海；七是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)柴拉直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)西藏。祁(qi)韶直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)實際(ji)最(zui)(zui)大輸送(song)(song)(song)能(neng)(neng)力(li)400萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，天中直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)實際(ji)最(zui)(zui)大輸送(song)(song)(song)能(neng)(neng)力(li)650萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，靈(ling)(ling)紹(shao)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)最(zui)(zui)大輸送(song)(song)(song)能(neng)(neng)力(li)640萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，銀(yin)東(dong)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)最(zui)(zui)大送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)400萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，靈(ling)(ling)寶(bao)、德(de)(de)寶(bao)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)最(zui)(zui)大送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)411萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，甘(gan)(gan)青外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)青海6條跨省聯絡線最(zui)(zui)大送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)380萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，柴拉直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)西藏通(tong)道(dao)最(zui)(zui)大送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)60萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。

（二）外送電量不斷突破。

“十(shi)一(yi)五”期間甘(gan)肅(su)(su)(su)省(sheng)(sheng)外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)交易電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)維持在20億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)左右(you)。隨著(zhu)多條超高(gao)壓(ya)以及特高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)送(song)(song)通(tong)道建成(cheng)，西北電(dian)(dian)網跨省(sheng)(sheng)區外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)交易開始提速(su)，甘(gan)肅(su)(su)(su)省(sheng)(sheng)外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)交易規模(mo)開始擴大。2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)起新(xin)能(neng)源逐步參與外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)市場，目前已經形成(cheng)了典(dian)型的(de)新(xin)能(neng)源送(song)(song)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)網。2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)、2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)，甘(gan)肅(su)(su)(su)外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)先后(hou)突(tu)破(po)100億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)、200億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)，其(qi)中(zhong)2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)總外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)203億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)中(zhong)有104億(yi)(yi)是外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)新(xin)能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。截止2018年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月，外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)253億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)，預(yu)計2018年(nian)(nian)(nian)甘(gan)肅(su)(su)(su)外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)將突(tu)破(po)300億(yi)(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)創歷史新(xin)高(gao)。通(tong)過外(wai)(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)，預(yu)計新(xin)能(neng)源年(nian)(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)小(xiao)時(shi)平均(jun)提高(gao)700小(xiao)時(shi)以上，公(gong)用火電(dian)(dian)平均(jun)提高(gao)1200小(xiao)時(shi)左右(you)。

（三）交易品種日益豐富。

近年(nian)來，通過創新(xin)交易(yi)方式，豐富交易(yi)品種(zhong)，甘肅電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)外(wai)送市(shi)場(chang)已達19個省(sheng)（區、市(shi)），在(zai)與(yu)西藏、江西、湖南、山(shan)東(dong)、青(qing)海組織開展年(nian)度(du)(du)、月(yue)度(du)(du)交易(yi)以及與(yu)華中、華東(dong)等開展短期月(yue)度(du)(du)臨(lin)時交易(yi)的基礎(chu)上，又先后(hou)與(yu)天(tian)津、四川、重慶(qing)、河南、北京(jing)等省(sheng)市(shi)協商開展電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)合作事宜。目前，甘肅電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)外(wai)送主要分為年(nian)（月(yue)）度(du)(du)新(xin)能源與(yu)火電(dian)(dian)打(da)捆中長(chang)期外(wai)送交易(yi)、新(xin)能源跨省(sheng)區增量現貨交易(yi)、西北日前實時交易(yi)三種(zhong)模式。

（四）市場消納成效顯著。

在(zai)省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)消(xiao)(xiao)納空間有限的情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，為(wei)了(le)緩解新(xin)能源(yuan)棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)風棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)光矛盾，我(wo)省(sheng)(sheng)不斷開拓外送市場(chang)，通過(guo)跨省(sheng)(sheng)跨區中長(chang)期(qi)外送、現貨交易(yi)(yi)等方式加大外送力(li)度。同時(shi)(shi)，挖掘省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)潛(qian)力(li)，開展新(xin)能源(yuan)與自(zi)備電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)發電(dian)(dian)權(quan)替代、直接交易(yi)(yi)，新(xin)能源(yuan)市場(chang)化消(xiao)(xiao)納成(cheng)效顯著。通過(guo)多方努力(li)、多措(cuo)并舉(ju)，2017年以來，甘肅新(xin)能源(yuan)實(shi)現階段性發電(dian)(dian)量和發電(dian)(dian)占比(bi)(bi)“雙(shuang)升”、棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)量和棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)“雙(shuang)降”目標。今年1-10月，棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)風、棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)光電(dian)(dian)量分別(bie)為(wei)48億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)、9.5億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)；棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)風率(lv)(lv)、棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)風率(lv)(lv)分別(bie)為(wei)19.68%、10.73%。棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)量同比(bi)(bi)減(jian)少(shao)32億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)同比(bi)(bi)下(xia)降12個百(bai)分點。外送電(dian)(dian)市場(chang)成(cheng)為(wei)近兩年減(jian)少(shao)棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)風棄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)光、促進(jin)新(xin)能源(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)納的關鍵因素(su)。

甘肅省外送電存在的主要問題

甘肅外送(song)電(dian)市場(chang)主(zhu)要(yao)存在(zai)兩個方面的問(wen)題：一(yi)是(shi)大規(gui)模連續外送(song)能力(li)(li)受到考驗；二(er)是(shi)外送(song)電(dian)市場(chang)交易機制還(huan)需要(yao)不斷(duan)完善。另(ling)外，西(xi)北電(dian)力(li)(li)外送(song)市場(chang)競爭日趨激烈，與新疆、青海、寧(ning)夏(xia)比較，甘肅外送(song)電(dian)競爭力(li)(li)處于相(xiang)對劣勢(shi)。

（一）季節性特點與“鴨子曲線”問題。

甘(gan)肅(su)電(dian)源裝機結構(gou)特點等(deng)決定(ding)了甘(gan)肅(su)電(dian)網(wang)將出現一(yi)年內水電(dian)大發時(shi)段富裕(yu)，冬季季節(jie)性供應不(bu)足(zu)，一(yi)日內光伏大發時(shi)段富裕(yu)，晚高峰無風情況下出力不(bu)足(zu)局(ju)面。

（二）煤電外送制約問題。

特別在冬(dong)季，當煤炭(tan)供(gong)應緊張(zhang)、煤炭(tan)價(jia)格高位運行、購電(dian)地區購電(dian)價(jia)格低(di)、省(sheng)內(nei)煤電(dian)保省(sheng)內(nei)供(gong)熱等情況下，煤電(dian)企業的外送(song)(song)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)力和外送(song)(song)電(dian)意愿將受(shou)到影(ying)響(xiang)，進而使新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源外送(song)(song)受(shou)到影(ying)響(xiang)。

（三）河西斷面受阻問題。

河西(xi)(xi)地(di)區新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源輸送(song)(song)(song)的交流(liu)通道為西(xi)(xi)北(bei)新(xin)(xin)(xin)疆聯網共用送(song)(song)(song)出(chu)通道，河西(xi)(xi)斷(duan)面最大送(song)(song)(song)出(chu)能(neng)力只有560萬千瓦。河西(xi)(xi)地(di)區新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源受阻嚴(yan)重，參與外送(song)(song)(song)能(neng)力受限。河西(xi)(xi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源通過“四魚(yu)”通道過多(duo)參與外送(song)(song)(song)實際是東部火(huo)電(dian)代替了河西(xi)(xi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源外送(song)(song)(song)。

（四）外送電市場電價偏低。

甘(gan)肅外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已(yi)經全部市(shi)場(chang)化，外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)市(shi)場(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)低(di)(di)。2016年(nian)(nian)、2017年(nian)(nian)、2018年(nian)(nian)上半(ban)年(nian)(nian)外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)均(jun)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)低(di)(di)于(yu)0.2元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)。2017年(nian)(nian)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)送(song)(song)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)在0.12-0.24元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)之(zhi)間；2018年(nian)(nian)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)送(song)(song)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)在0.09-0.26元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)之(zhi)間，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)在0.17-0.3078元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)范圍，外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)市(shi)場(chang)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)比省(sheng)內(nei)直(zhi)購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)市(shi)場(chang)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)低(di)(di)的(de)原因(yin)：一是(shi)在外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處于(yu)“買方(fang)”市(shi)場(chang)，主導權由購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)省(sheng)掌握并控(kong)制；二是(shi)外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對省(sheng)內(nei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)而言(yan)是(shi)增量，可以減少(shao)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)棄(qi)風棄(qi)光(guang)，提高火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)利用小時(shi)(shi)；三(san)是(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)存在惡(e)性競爭(zheng)現(xian)象。

甘肅省外送電工作相關建議

（一）夯實基礎設施建設。

提升祁(qi)韶直(zhi)流(liu)通道跨(kua)區輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力，切實發揮祁(qi)韶直(zhi)流(liu)通道作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)優化甘肅(su)主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)網結構，提高(gao)(gao)河西(xi)向甘肅(su)中東(dong)(dong)部負荷中心送(song)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力，加快推(tui)進(jin)750千伏河西(xi)電(dian)(dian)網加強工程(cheng)（甘肅(su)河西(xi)第二通道）建設，穩步(bu)推(tui)動(dong)酒湖(hu)直(zhi)流(liu)配套調峰瓜州常樂電(dian)(dian)廠火電(dian)(dian)項目建設,有效支撐酒湖(hu)直(zhi)流(liu)提高(gao)(gao)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力，助推(tui)河西(xi)地區大(da)規模新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力送(song)出(chu)消納。充分(fen)利用(yong)(yong)國家規劃建設青(qing)海特高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)外送(song)工程(cheng)的有利契機，主(zhu)動(dong)加強與(yu)青(qing)海省(sheng)、河南省(sheng)、國家電(dian)(dian)網公司等相(xiang)關(guan)方面溝通銜接，利用(yong)(yong)青(qing)海特高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)外送(song)工程(cheng)中長期(qi)(qi)穩定輸(shu)送(song)甘肅(su)省(sheng)富裕電(dian)(dian)力，緩解(jie)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)棄(qi)風棄(qi)光限電(dian)(dian)制約。推(tui)進(jin)優勢煤炭資源(yuan)開發，推(tui)進(jin)隴東(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)基(ji)地建設進(jin)程(cheng)和(he)隴東(dong)(dong)特高(gao)(gao)直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)前期(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)。

（二）提升電網調節能力。

一是(shi)繼(ji)續(xu)實施備用容量(liang)共享(xiang)和(he)省間(jian)互濟，完(wan)善跨省輔助服務和(he)發(fa)電(dian)權交易機制。二是(shi)加強自備電(dian)廠調(diao)(diao)峰管理，與公網火(huo)電(dian)同等開(kai)展調(diao)(diao)峰服務。三是(shi)充分利(li)用市場化(hua)手(shou)段促進(jin)火(huo)電(dian)機組(zu)靈活(huo)性(xing)改(gai)造。四是(shi)結合甘肅電(dian)網新能源高(gao)占比運行特性(xing)明顯的實際，加快能源技術創(chuang)新，提升電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度(du)運行控(kong)制水平和(he)電(dian)網靈活(huo)調(diao)(diao)節能力(li)。

（三）強化政府間合作。

按照“政府(fu)推動(dong)、市場運作(zuo)(zuo)”的原則，緊緊抓住國(guo)家實施(shi)可再生(sheng)能(neng)源電力配額制(zhi)機會(hui)，主動(dong)加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)與(yu)相關省市銜接，推動(dong)省市政府(fu)間電力合作(zuo)(zuo)，發揮電力交(jiao)易(yi)平(ping)臺(tai)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，開拓(tuo)電力外(wai)送(song)消納市場。加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)送(song)電交(jiao)易(yi)中惡(e)性降價行為的監管和約談，必要時對外(wai)送(song)電價格進行政府(fu)干預(yu)。

（四）健全市場交易機制。

在(zai)總結(jie)(jie)新(xin)能源(yuan)與(yu)火電(dian)(dian)打捆(kun)的(de)(de)中長期(qi)外(wai)送經驗的(de)(de)基礎上，探索完善風光水(shui)火打捆(kun)的(de)(de)長期(qi)外(wai)送模式，利用和(he)(he)發揮好甘肅發電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機結(jie)(jie)構(gou)特點(dian)與(yu)優(you)勢(shi)。充分尊(zun)重和(he)(he)保護(hu)發用電(dian)(dian)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體地位和(he)(he)權利，不斷完善雙邊協商、集中競價(jia)、掛牌等方式的(de)(de)中長期(qi)外(wai)送電(dian)(dian)交易形(xing)式，形(xing)成跨省(sheng)跨區電(dian)(dian)力優(you)化配置的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化機制和(he)(he)價(jia)格機制。結(jie)(jie)合甘肅電(dian)(dian)網特點(dian)，推進(jin)(jin)省(sheng)內現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設試點(dian)，逐步(bu)實現省(sheng)內現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)與(yu)新(xin)能源(yuan)增量跨省(sheng)區現貨(huo)交易的(de)(de)融合，消(xiao)除省(sheng)際間電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)壁壘，推進(jin)(jin)外(wai)送電(dian)(dian)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設健康發展，促進(jin)(jin)可(ke)再生能源(yuan)更大(da)范圍(wei)的(de)(de)消(xiao)納。