一、確保采購產(chan)品質量
熔鹽(yan)的品質(zhi)決(jue)定著儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統能(neng)(neng)否安全運行，是(shi)整(zheng)個儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統的核心。首批示范項(xiang)目(mu)是(shi)國家重點支持的光熱項(xiang)目(mu)，項(xiang)目(mu)一定要(yao)(yao)確保(bao)質(zhi)量第一，因(yin)此項(xiang)目(mu)所使用(yong)的材料(liao)必須嚴格把控質(zhi)量，在(zai)采購熔鹽(yan)時應當考慮熔鹽(yan)供(gong)應商的實力(li)，其生產能(neng)(neng)力(li)能(neng)(neng)否滿足供(gong)貨要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，產品品質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)否達到光熱應用(yong)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。
對(dui)此，新疆硝石(shi)辛玲提出了(le)4個參考點：1）企(qi)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)規(gui)模，經營狀況(kuang)，資金保障能(neng)力，是否專業(ye)；2）企(qi)業(ye)產(chan)品(pin)和生(sheng)產(chan)的穩(wen)定性，安全性及(ji)環(huan)保特性；3）企(qi)業(ye)產(chan)品(pin)是否符合熔鹽技術指(zhi)標；4）企(qi)業(ye)的項目(mu)供貨經驗、應(ying)用案例(li)等。
二、保障安全性
2016年10月和2017年初，國際上(shang)投(tou)入(ru)商業(ye)化運行的(de)(de)兩(liang)個塔式熔鹽電(dian)站(zhan)新月沙(sha)丘與Gemasolar電(dian)站(zhan)相繼曝出熔鹽泄露事故，除(chu)了(le)修復費(fei)用帶來的(de)(de)經濟損(sun)失(shi)外，因事故導致(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)站(zhan)停運而帶來的(de)(de)售電(dian)收入(ru)損(sun)失(shi)更是巨大，給整個光熱發(fa)電(dian)行業(ye)敲(qiao)響了(le)警鐘。因此(ci)，熔鹽的(de)(de)安全管理至關重要，絕不(bu)可(ke)輕視。
對此，愛能(neng)森曾智勇(yong)建議業(ye)主方(fang)應憑相關的許可(ke)證(zheng)件或者證(zheng)明文件向具有(you)(you)危(wei)險(xian)化學(xue)品(pin)資(zi)質（具有(you)(you)危(wei)險(xian)化學(xue)品(pin)安全(quan)(quan)生產許可(ke)證(zheng)/危(wei)險(xian)化學(xue)品(pin)經營許可(ke)證(zheng)）的供應商購買熔鹽(yan)相關產品(pin)。同時，熔鹽(yan)不可(ke)儲存(cun)(cun)于(yu)露(lu)天環境，應儲存(cun)(cun)于(yu)符合(he)GB50016‐2014建筑設計防(fang)火規范中規定(ding)的甲類(lei)倉(cang)庫(ku)要求，每個倉(cang)庫(ku)的最大(da)允許占(zhan)地(di)面積為750平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。對于(yu)業(ye)主方(fang)而言，要滿足3萬噸熔鹽(yan)的儲存(cun)(cun)，至(zhi)少(shao)需要12個750平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)的甲類(lei)倉(cang)庫(ku)。業(ye)主方(fang)可(ke)預先將熔鹽(yan)儲存(cun)(cun)于(yu)離(li)電站距離(li)較近的供應商處或者另外租(zu)賃甲類(lei)倉(cang)庫(ku)，可(ke)減少(shao)一(yi)次性(xing)固(gu)定(ding)投資(zi)，減少(shao)儲存(cun)(cun)過程中的安全(quan)(quan)風險(xian)，確保電站安全(quan)(quan)投產。
三、控制采購成本
熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)價(jia)格(ge)在(zai)一(yi)定程度上可(ke)反映產(chan)品質量(liang)，然(ran)而熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)市場價(jia)格(ge)波動主要還是受需求(qiu)(qiu)量(liang)的(de)變化而變化，環保要求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)日益嚴(yan)格(ge)將會導(dao)致環保方面的(de)投(tou)資增加，從而增加生產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)。因(yin)此，金(jin)利(li)達鉀(jia)業田(tian)野認為(wei)，成(cheng)本(ben)控制需要通過(guo)采(cai)購(gou)單位提出更準(zhun)確的(de)采(cai)購(gou)標準(zhun)來控制熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)采(cai)購(gou)成(cheng)本(ben)，不同標準(zhun)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)品價(jia)格(ge)相差較大(da)，熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)企業可(ke)提供(gong)多種質量(liang)標準(zhun)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)供(gong)客戶選擇。
百吉瑞劉斌建議直接采(cai)購混(hun)合熔鹽(yan)(yan)，或者尋求第(di)三方專業(ye)熔鹽(yan)(yan)服務企業(ye)提供兩(liang)種熔鹽(yan)(yan)、混(hun)配(pei)、熔化、罐(guan)體預熱以及熔鹽(yan)(yan)全部使用周期內的質量保證。
四、合理安排采購時間
“因為(wei)儲熱(re)熔鹽僅(jin)是硝酸鉀(jia)(jia)和硝酸鈉(na)作為(wei)工(gong)業原料(liao)使用的(de)領域(yu)之一，并非(fei)所有的(de)產能都(dou)集(ji)中(zhong)在光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電領域(yu)，例如煙(yan)花、光(guang)(guang)(guang)玻強化等領域(yu)同樣有極大的(de)需(xu)求量(liang)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)儲能熔鹽采購(gou)一般需(xu)求量(liang)大，要(yao)求的(de)供貨周期(qi)短且利(li)潤較低。在采購(gou)集(ji)中(zhong)爆發期(qi)，可能會出現(xian)供應不足的(de)情況，需(xu)要(yao)各采購(gou)單(dan)位提前溝通、訂貨。”金利(li)達(da)鉀(jia)(jia)業田野認為(wei)首批示范項(xiang)目需(xu)提前采購(gou)，以保證(zheng)項(xiang)目的(de)順利(li)推進。
槽、塔項目的運行溫度差異對熔鹽產品的要求有何不同？
目前(qian)塔式光熱電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)溫度一般(ban)在550℃以上(shang)，而槽(cao)式光熱電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)一般(ban)不超(chao)過400℃，受訪(fang)企業(ye)普(pu)遍認為雖然塔式電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)更高的(de)運行溫度會(hui)導致熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)揮(hui)發量(liang)高于(yu)槽(cao)式電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，但(dan)光熱電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)中熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)使(shi)用壽命(ming)基(ji)本(ben)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)同(tong)步，一般(ban)在25年(nian)至(zhi)30年(nian)左右，運行過程中會(hui)損耗(hao)部分熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)，需定時補充。超(chao)過使(shi)用壽命(ming)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)可由熔(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)生(sheng)產(chan)企業(ye)經冷卻凝固后作(zuo)(zuo)為化(hua)工(gong)原料再次提(ti)純使(shi)用。
然而運行溫度的(de)差異(yi)(yi)是否會(hui)對熔(rong)(rong)鹽的(de)性能產生影響？這(zhe)種差異(yi)(yi)的(de)存(cun)在對熔(rong)(rong)鹽產品的(de)具體要求又有何不同？部分(fen)受訪企業根據自身經驗，提出了各自的(de)看法(fa)。
百(bai)吉(ji)瑞劉斌介紹道，首先，由(you)于熔鹽中許多氣體雜質只有(you)在500℃以上才會出現，因此在雜質要(yao)(yao)求上，槽式電(dian)站熔鹽使用(yong)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求更(geng)低，比如(ru)堿金屬Mg離(li)子(zi)，400℃以下不(bu)會產生沉積，不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)特別考慮(lv)，而在塔式電(dian)站上就必須限制(zhi)Mg離(li)子(zi)含量；再次(ci)，除了溫度，還與使用(yong)的(de)方式有(you)關，比如(ru)鑫能項(xiang)目(mu)是(shi)二次(ci)反(fan)射(she)塔式系統，集熱器置于地(di)面，太陽光直接照(zhao)射(she)熔鹽完(wan)成(cheng)吸熱，這樣使用(yong)的(de)熔鹽，對其(qi)指標又有(you)完(wan)全不(bu)同的(de)新要(yao)(yao)求。
金利(li)達鉀業田野則(ze)建議，塔(ta)式電站運行溫(wen)度(du)相對較高，可選(xuan)擇沸點較高的(de)(de)熔鹽(yan)作(zuo)為主要的(de)(de)選(xuan)型方案之一，而槽式電站運行溫(wen)度(du)相對較低，更(geng)適(shi)合使用低熔點熔鹽(yan)產(chan)品(pin)。
“對(dui)(dui)于塔(ta)式光(guang)熱(re)(re)電站來講(jiang)，熔鹽(yan)(yan)的運行溫度相對(dui)(dui)槽式更高，所以塔(ta)式光(guang)熱(re)(re)電站對(dui)(dui)于熔鹽(yan)(yan)的熱(re)(re)穩定性、上限使用溫度、保溫措施、設備材質、應(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)腐(fu)蝕及應(ying)(ying)力的要求(qiu)相對(dui)(dui)更高。電站方在采購熔鹽(yan)(yan)產品時，對(dui)(dui)產品品質應(ying)(ying)嚴格把關，確(que)保滿(man)足電站需求(qiu)。”愛能森(sen)曾智勇如是表(biao)示。
低熔點熔鹽將成發展趨勢？
目前(qian)光(guang)熱電(dian)站中二元鹽(yan)應(ying)用較(jiao)(jiao)多，也更為成(cheng)熟，但(dan)其凝固點(dian)(dian)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)、引起系(xi)統凍(dong)堵風險(xian)較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)特性對(dui)光(guang)熱系(xi)統的(de)保溫(wen)和(he)精細化控制都提(ti)出了(le)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)要求，許(xu)多企(qi)業和(he)研究(jiu)機構都在研究(jiu)一(yi)些可能更適合光(guang)熱發電(dian)系(xi)統的(de)熔鹽(yan)產品，其中低(di)熔點(dian)(dian)熔鹽(yan)逐(zhu)漸(jian)成(cheng)為熱點(dian)(dian)。
金利達鉀業(ye)田野認(ren)為(wei)，目前(qian)主(zhu)流的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)產(chan)品研(yan)究方向在(zai)于擴大儲熱(re)空間或增加沸(fei)點(dian)(dian)和凝(ning)固點(dian)(dian)之間的(de)(de)溫度差(cha),但(dan)是部分低溫熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)在(zai)降低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)同時，沸(fei)點(dian)(dian)也在(zai)降低，儲熱(re)空間維持在(zai)300-400攝氏度左右。就目前(qian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)開(kai)發技術而(er)言，尚(shang)未(wei)開(kai)發出熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)較低、沸(fei)點(dian)(dian)較高的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)產(chan)品，這將是各熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)生產(chan)企業(ye)研(yan)究的(de)(de)主(zhu)要方向之一。
愛(ai)(ai)能(neng)森曾智勇(yong)則認為，低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽相對傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)二元(yuan)(yuan)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)較低(di)(di)，對系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)保(bao)溫要求沒(mei)有(you)那么苛刻(ke)，在使用(yong)中(zhong)可(ke)有(you)效降低(di)(di)管(guan)道凍堵風險(xian)，降低(di)(di)塔式(shi)儲熱(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在惡劣環境(jing)(jing)下對設備和保(bao)溫的(de)苛刻(ke)要求，提(ti)升(sheng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)環境(jing)(jing)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)性(xing)，提(ti)高(gao)儲熱(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)安全(quan)性(xing)及(ji)經(jing)濟性(xing)；更重要的(de)是(shi)帶來技術性(xing)變(bian)革：低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽產品可(ke)替(ti)代槽式(shi)及(ji)線性(xing)菲涅(nie)爾系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)導(dao)熱(re)(re)油，做(zuo)傳熱(re)(re)、儲熱(re)(re)雙重功(gong)能(neng)，無(wu)需熱(re)(re)交換，熱(re)(re)損小；提(ti)升(sheng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)上限溫度，從而提(ti)升(sheng)槽式(shi)的(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)效率。此外，愛(ai)(ai)能(neng)森研發(fa)的(de)新型低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽已成(cheng)功(gong)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)于宿遷光(guang)電(dian)科技中(zhong)心，成(cheng)為全(quan)球首個(ge)采(cai)用(yong)多元(yuan)(yuan)低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽儲能(neng)項目(mu)。自(zi)2016年12月成(cheng)功(gong)并網發(fa)電(dian)以來，該系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)截止目(mu)前(qian)運(yun)行(xing)正常，驗證了低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽在光(guang)熱(re)(re)領域應(ying)(ying)用(yong)的(de)可(ke)行(xing)性(xing)。
百吉瑞劉(liu)(liu)斌(bin)則表示，采用(yong)低(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)可有(you)效防(fang)止(zhi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)凍(dong)堵(du)(du)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)出現。首(shou)先(xian)，低(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)較低(di)(di)(di)，就(jiu)拿(na)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)為116℃的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)言，其熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)較二元熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)低(di)(di)(di)100℃左右，這本身就(jiu)大(da)大(da)降低(di)(di)(di)了(le)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)凍(dong)堵(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)。其次(ci)，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)凍(dong)堵(du)(du)一般(ban)發(fa)生(sheng)在夜(ye)間(jian)沒有(you)陽光照射(she)的(de)(de)(de)情況下，因(yin)夜(ye)間(jian)集熱(re)管和罐壁的(de)(de)(de)輻射(she)散熱(re)損失(shi)與溫度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)四次(ci)方(fang)成(cheng)比(bi)例，采用(yong)低(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)大(da)大(da)降低(di)(di)(di)了(le)夜(ye)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)散熱(re)損失(shi)，使熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)降溫速度(du)(du)明顯下降。除此(ci)之外，采用(yong)低(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)后防(fang)凝泵(beng)的(de)(de)(de)功率大(da)幅度(du)(du)下降，對伴熱(re)及電加熱(re)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)要求也大(da)大(da)降低(di)(di)(di)，因(yin)此(ci)，百吉瑞劉(liu)(liu)斌(bin)認為采用(yong)低(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不僅降低(di)(di)(di)了(le)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)凍(dong)堵(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)，還使夜(ye)間(jian)防(fang)凝運維(wei)費(fei)用(yong)大(da)幅度(du)(du)降低(di)(di)(di)，在電站全生(sheng)命(ming)周期內(nei)帶來可觀收益(yi)。
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